Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles: Characterization and Therapeutic Applications in Microbial and Cancer Treatments

Abstract

Selenium is one of these micronutrients that are essential for animals, plants and microorganisms to remain functional. This review is about the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and its application in microbial and cancer therapies. Our hypothesis was that Se NPs produced using plant extracts might offer the biocompatibility and environmental friendliness advantages, and hence be a new prospect for medical applications. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of recent literature, exploring various green synthesis conditions and processes for Se NPs. Various characterisation techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy and physicochemistry were discussed in order to provide insight into the formation and function of green-synthesised Se NPs. Our findings show that Se NPs produced by green chemistry methods have good properties such as uniform size, shape and stability as detailed examples from recent studies reveal. Furthermore, we discussed the therapeutic and theranostic applications of Se NPs produced in this manner: their potential in antimicrobial and anticancer treatments. Through illustrations of cases where Se NPs inhibit microbial growth and cause apoptosis in cancer cells, the practical significance of our findings was underscored. In summary, our review affirms that using green-mediated synthesis Se NPs improves their biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy, thus opening up new realms for their application in medical research.