Characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 progression: Insights from a retrospective study in India ?

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed significant challenges worldwide, with India being one of the most affected countries. Understanding the clinical variables, complications, and laboratory markers associated with COVID-19 progression is crucial for effective management and reducing mortality. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, complications, comorbidities, and laboratory markers associated with COVID-19 progression among patients admitted to SPM Hospital, India. Clinical data of 440 confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted between June and December 2020 were analyzed. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and radiological manifestations were reviewed. Patients were categorized based on age, gender, comorbidities, and disease severity. The study cohort comprised mainly elderly patients, with more than half aged 50-80 years and a male predominance. Fever, cough, and sore throat were the most common symptoms, with a significant proportion of patients presenting with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Laboratory markers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin (S. ferritin), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were elevated in severe cases, with higher levels observed in patients aged ≥50 years. Patients requiring oxygen supplementation had a higher mortality rate compared to those maintaining oxygen saturation on room air. Age, gender, and comorbidities were identified as risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Elevated levels of IL-6, D-dimer, CRP, S. ferritin, and LDH were indicative of disease severity and poor prognosis. Early identification of high-risk patients and personalized management strategies are essential for improving clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.