Cytotoxic and apoptotic effectiveness of Cypriot honeybee (Apis mellifera cypria) venom on various cancer cells

Abstract

The bee stinger is the defense organ of honeybees. The venom sac of a worker bee is connected to its stinger, which is used as a defense mechanism, and it has a potent and complex combination of substances that is unique in the animal kingdom. Many immune-related illnesses have been successfully treated with bee venom and recent evidence on the efficacy of applications targeting malignancies has attracted considerable attention. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the crude venom, and the flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the apoptotic potential. The cytotoxic activity of Apis mellifera cypria venom collected from two different apiaries in Cyprus was evaluated for the first time against breast (MDA-MB-231), colon (Caco-2), cervix (HeLa), prostate (PC-3), pancreas (Panc-1), lung (A549), glioblastoma (U-87MG) human cancerous and healthy lung fibroblast (CCD-34Lu) cells. The venom concentration that killed 50 % of the cells (inhibitory concentration, IC50) is expressed as venom cytotoxicity. The IC50 values of A. m. cypria crude venom on cultured cells varied from 4.18±0.75 to 22.00±1.71 μg/mL after treatment with crude venom for 48 h, with the most potent activities against PC-3, Panc-1, and HeLa cells. Analysis of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry of both venom samples showed that bee venom slightly induced early apoptosis on A549 and Panc-1 cells. The venom of the A. m. cypria is discussed in this article, displaying promising results as a potential source for an alternative treatment method because of its cytotoxic effect.