Protein requirements in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during production and reproduction phases

Abstract

The accelerated growth of global aquaculture has boosted the production chain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), currently the third most cultivated species worldwide. This fish plays a crucial role in global food security. Protein is the main fish diet nutrient, and its quality, as well as protein level variations, directly and significantly affect the productive chain of this species. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of protein requirements at different tilapia development stages, underscoring the fundamental importance of a balanced diet to promote efficient growth. The study identified protein requirement variations based on weight, age, and different tilapia farming systems. In addition, the challenges associated with formulating balanced diets are discussed, especially in the face of the scarcity of traditional protein sources, such as fishmeal. Several factors are considered in this review, including tilapia development stage, rearing system, stocking density, ingredient quality, specific tilapia nutritional requirements and strains, feed management, temperature, and water quality. A gradual decrease in protein requirements is observed as fish grow and reach a minimum point during the growth phase, followed by a slight increase during the subsequent fattening phase. Tilapia protein requirements are influenced by various factors, including growth phase and farming system characteristics. Identifying the ideal protein levels at each stage is crucial for guiding sustainable tilapia aquaculture practices and enhancing the overall production efficiency of the species.