Water-Soluble Small Organic Fluorophores for Oncological Theragnostic Applications: Progress and Development

IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Topics in Current Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI:10.1007/s41061-024-00458-9
Ashanul Haque, Khalaf M. Alenezi, Abdulmohsen Khalaf Dhahi Alsukaibi, Ahmed A. Al-Otaibi, Wai-Yeung Wong
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Abstract

Cancer is one of the major noncommunicable diseases, responsible for millions of deaths every year worldwide. Though various cancer detection and treatment modalities are available today, many deaths occur owing to its late-stage detection and metastatic nature. Noninvasive detection using luminescence-based imaging tools is considered one of the promising techniques owing to its low cost, high sensitivity, and brightness. Moreover, these tools are unique and valuable as they can detect even the slightest changes in the cellular microenvironment. To achieve this, a fluorescent probe with strong tumor uptake and high spatial and temporal resolution, especially with high water solubility, is highly demanded. Recently, several water-soluble molecules with emission windows in the visible (400–700 nm), first near-infrared (NIR-I, 700–1000 nm), and second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) windows have been reported in literature. This review highlights recently reported water-soluble small organic fluorophores/dyes with applications in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. We systematically highlight and describe the key concepts, structural classes of fluorophores, strategies for imparting water solubility, and applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis, i.e., theragnostics. We discuss examples of water-soluble fluorescent probes based on coumarin, xanthene, boron–dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and cyanine cores. Some other emerging classes of dyes based on carbocyclic and heterocyclic cores are also discussed. Besides, emerging molecular engineering methods to obtain such fluorophores are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in this research area are also delineated.

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用于肿瘤治疗应用的水溶性小型有机荧光团:进展与发展
癌症是主要的非传染性疾病之一,每年造成全球数百万人死亡。尽管目前已有各种癌症检测和治疗方法,但由于癌症的晚期检测和转移特性,仍有许多人因此而死亡。由于成本低、灵敏度高、亮度高,使用基于发光的成像工具进行无创检测被认为是最有前途的技术之一。此外,这些工具还能检测到细胞微环境中最细微的变化,因此具有独特的价值。要实现这一目标,对具有强肿瘤吸收能力、高时空分辨率,尤其是高水溶性的荧光探针的要求很高。最近,文献报道了几种发射窗口在可见光(400-700 纳米)、第一近红外(NIR-I,700-1000 纳米)和第二近红外(NIR-II,1000-1700 纳米)窗口的水溶性分子。本综述重点介绍最近报道的可应用于癌症诊断和治疗的水溶性小型有机荧光团/染料。我们系统地强调和描述了关键概念、荧光团的结构类别、赋予水溶性的策略以及在癌症治疗和诊断(即热敏诊断)中的应用。我们讨论了基于香豆素、香蒽、硼-二吡咯并二酮(BODIPY)和氰基核心的水溶性荧光探针的实例。此外,还讨论了基于碳环和杂环核心的其他一些新兴染料类别。此外,还讨论了获得此类荧光团的新兴分子工程方法。最后,还探讨了这一研究领域的机遇和挑战。
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来源期刊
Topics in Current Chemistry
Topics in Current Chemistry 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
11.70
自引率
1.20%
发文量
0
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Topics in Current Chemistry provides in-depth analyses and forward-thinking perspectives on the latest advancements in chemical research. This renowned journal encompasses various domains within chemical science and their intersections with biology, medicine, physics, and materials science. Each collection within the journal aims to offer a comprehensive understanding, accessible to both academic and industrial readers, of emerging research in an area that captivates a broader scientific community. In essence, Topics in Current Chemistry illuminates cutting-edge chemical research, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, and facilitates knowledge-sharing among diverse scientific audiences.
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