Sex and adrenal hormones in association with insecticide biomarkers among adolescents living in ecuadorian agricultural communities

IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES International journal of hygiene and environmental health Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114386
Briana N.C. Chronister , Denise Justo , Robert Wood , Dolores Lopez-Paredes , Eduardo Gonzalez , Jose Suarez-Torres , Sheila Gahagan , Danilo Martinez , David R. Jacobs (Jr.) , Harvey Checkoway , Marta M. Jankowska , Jose R. Suarez-Lopez
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Abstract

Background

Organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid insecticides have resulted in adrenal and gonadal hormone disruption in animal and in vitro studies; limited epidemiologic evidence exists in humans. We assessed relationships of urinary insecticide metabolite concentrations with adrenal and gonadal hormones in adolescents living in Ecuadorean agricultural communities.

Methods

In 2016, we examined 522 Ecuadorian adolescents (11-17y, 50.7% female, 22% Indigenous; ESPINA study). We measured urinary insecticide metabolites, blood acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), and salivary testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 17β-estradiol, and cortisol. We used general linear models to assess linear (β = % hormone difference per 50% increase of metabolite concentration) and curvilinear relationships (β2 = hormone difference per unit increase in squared ln-metabolite) between ln-metabolite or AChE and ln-hormone concentrations, stratified by sex, adjusting for anthropometric, demographic, and awakening response variables. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression was used to assess non-linear associations and interactions.

Results

The organophosphate metabolite malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA) had positive associations with testosterone (βboys = 5.88% [1.21%, 10.78%], βgirls = 4.10% [-0.02%, 8.39%]), and cortisol (βboys = 6.06 [-0.23%, 12.75%]. Para-nitrophenol (organophosphate) had negatively-trending curvilinear associations, with testosterone (β2boys = −0.17 (−0.33, −0.003), p = 0.04) and DHEA (β2boys = −0.49 (−0.80, −0.19), p = 0.001) in boys. The neonicotinoid summary score (βboys = 5.60% [0.14%, 11.36%]) and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (βboys = 3.90% [1.28%, 6.58%]) were positively associated with 17β-estradiol, measured in boys only. No associations between the pyrethroid 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and hormones were observed. In girls, bivariate response associations identified interactions of MDA, Para-nitrophenol, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (organophosphates) with testosterone and DHEA concentrations. In boys, we observed an interaction of MDA and Para-nitrophenol with DHEA. No associations were identified for AChE.

Conclusions

We observed evidence of endocrine disruption for specific organophosphate and neonicotinoid metabolite exposures in adolescents. Urinary organophosphate metabolites were associated with testosterone and DHEA concentrations, with stronger associations in boys than girls. Urinary neonicotinoids were positively associated with 17β-estradiol. Longitudinal repeat-measures analyses would be beneficial for causal inference.

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生活在厄瓜多尔农业社区的青少年的性激素和肾上腺激素与杀虫剂生物标志物的关系
背景在动物和体外研究中,有机磷、拟除虫菊酯和新烟碱类杀虫剂会导致肾上腺和性腺激素紊乱;在人类中,流行病学证据有限。我们评估了生活在厄瓜多尔农业社区的青少年尿液中杀虫剂代谢物浓度与肾上腺和性腺激素的关系。方法2016年,我们对522名厄瓜多尔青少年(11-17岁,50.7%为女性,22%为土著人;ESPINA研究)进行了调查。我们测量了尿液中的杀虫剂代谢物、血液中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(AChE)以及唾液中的睾酮、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)、17β-雌二醇和皮质醇。我们使用一般线性模型评估了ln-代谢物或AChE与ln-激素浓度之间的线性关系(β=代谢物浓度每增加50%激素差异的百分比)和曲线关系(β2=ln-代谢物平方每增加一个单位激素差异),并按性别进行了分层,同时对人体测量、人口统计学和觉醒反应变量进行了调整。结果有机磷代谢物马拉硫磷二羧酸(MDA)与睾酮(β男孩=5.88% [1.21%,10.78%],β女孩=4.10% [-0.02%,8.39%])和皮质醇(β男孩=6.06 [-0.23%,12.75%])呈正相关。对硝基苯酚(有机磷)与男孩的睾酮(β2 boys = -0.17 (-0.33, -0.003),p = 0.04)和 DHEA(β2 boys = -0.49 (-0.80, -0.19),p = 0.001)呈负曲线关系。新烟碱总分(βboys = 5.60% [0.14%, 11.36%])和新烟碱啶虫脒-N-去甲基(βboys = 3.90% [1.28%, 6.58%])与 17β-estradiol 呈正相关(仅在男孩中测量)。没有观察到拟除虫菊酯 3-苯氧基苯甲酸与激素之间的关联。在女孩中,二元反应关联确定了 MDA、对硝基苯酚和 3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(有机磷)与睾酮和 DHEA 浓度之间的相互作用。在男孩中,我们观察到 MDA 和对硝基苯酚与 DHEA 之间存在相互作用。结论我们观察到有证据表明,青少年接触特定有机磷和新烟碱类代谢物会干扰内分泌。尿液中的有机磷代谢物与睾酮和 DHEA 浓度有关,男孩的相关性强于女孩。尿液中的新烟碱与 17β-estradiol 呈正相关。纵向重复测量分析有利于推断因果关系。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
5.00%
发文量
151
审稿时长
22 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.
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