Hybrid Time/Phase/Frequency Domain Linear Electromagnetic Encoders for Displacement Sensing and Near-Field Chipless-RFID

IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC IEEE journal of radio frequency identification Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI:10.1109/JRFID.2024.3366309
Amirhossein Karami-Horestani;Ferran Paredes;Ferran Martín
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Abstract

Hybrid time/phase/frequency domain linear electromagnetic encoders are presented in this paper for the first time. The encoders consist of a linear chain of electric-LC (ELC) resonators etched in a dielectric substrate. Encoding is achieved by phase and frequency modulation simultaneously, namely, by considering different transverse positions and dimensions of the ELC resonators in the chain. The reader is a simple matched microstrip transmission line terminated with a matched load, and encoder reading proceeds by displacing the encoder over the reader line, at short distance, in the direction orthogonal to the line axis. When an ELC resonator lies on top of the line, the phase of the reflection coefficient at resonance depends on the distance to the input port and hence on the transverse position of the resonator in the chain (phase modulation). Moreover, the size of the resonator determines its resonance frequency (frequency modulation). This means that the reader line should be fed by as many harmonic signals as ELC resonator sizes considered, to identify the phase and the resonance frequency of the inclusion (ELC) on top of the line. In this paper, we consider 16 different transverse positions and 4 different sizes of the ELC resonators, which are read sequentially, in a time-division multiplexing scheme. Thus, 6 bits per encoder position (or row) in the chain are achieved. These encoders, with a per-unit-length density of bits of DPL = 6 bit/cm, can be applied to the implementation of synchronous near-field chipless-RFID systems with high data capacity, as well as long-range displacement sensors. In the latter case, the number of bits per encoder row can be doubled (i.e., 12 bits) by considering two chains and two readers, allowing for the discrimination of 212 (= 4096) absolute positions.
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用于位移感应和近场无芯片-RFID 的混合时域/相域/频域线性电磁编码器
本文首次提出了混合时域/相域/频域线性电磁编码器。编码器由蚀刻在电介质基板上的线性电 LC(ELC)谐振器链组成。编码是通过同时进行相位和频率调制实现的,即考虑到链中 ELC 谐振器的不同横向位置和尺寸。读取器是一条简单的匹配微带传输线,终端有一个匹配负载,编码器的读取是通过在读取器线路上沿与线路轴线正交的方向短距离移动编码器来实现的。当 ELC 谐振器位于线路顶部时,谐振时的反射系数相位取决于到输入端口的距离,因此也取决于谐振器在链中的横向位置(相位调制)。此外,谐振器的大小也决定了其谐振频率(频率调制)。这就意味着,阅读器线路应使用与 ELC 谐振器大小相同的谐波信号,以确定线路顶部所含(ELC)的相位和共振频率。在本文中,我们考虑了 16 个不同的横向位置和 4 种不同尺寸的 ELC 谐振器,并采用时分复用方案依次读取。因此,链中每个编码器位置(或行)可实现 6 个比特。这些编码器的单位长度比特密度为 DPL = 6 比特/厘米,可用于实现具有高数据容量的同步近场无芯片射频识别(RFID)系统以及长距离位移传感器。在后一种情况下,通过考虑两个链和两个读取器,每行编码器的位数可以增加一倍(即 12 位),从而可以识别 212(= 4096)个绝对位置。
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