Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593
Francesco Lestini;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi
Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) technology is entering its third generation, extending beyond identification and sensing toward the control of electromagnetic (EM) functions. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of RFID-controlled antennas, metasurfaces, and intelligent surfaces, where standard RFID Integrated Circuits (ICs) act as wireless, battery-free controllers. Within this family, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) represent a particularly demanding case, since their narrowband resonant response must be precisely engineered under the discrete bias conditions imposed by RFID hardware. This paper presents a modeling and synthesis framework for binary-reconfigurable FSSs driven by RFID ICs. By exploiting the two programmable output voltages of commercial chips, the proposed FSS toggles between reflective and transparent states at a fixed frequency, enabling wirelessly programmable interfaces without any external supply. A semi-analytical Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) links the target specifications—operating frequency and fractional bandwidth—to the lumped circuit parameters and, in turn, to the unit-cell geometry. The model provides a rapid and physically interpretable design tool, validated through full-wave simulations of multiple layouts showing agreement within 5% of numerical results.
{"title":"Modeling and Design of RFID-Controlled Binary-Reconfigurable Frequency Selective Surfaces","authors":"Francesco Lestini;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593","url":null,"abstract":"Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) technology is entering its third generation, extending beyond identification and sensing toward the control of electromagnetic (EM) functions. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of RFID-controlled antennas, metasurfaces, and intelligent surfaces, where standard RFID Integrated Circuits (ICs) act as wireless, battery-free controllers. Within this family, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) represent a particularly demanding case, since their narrowband resonant response must be precisely engineered under the discrete bias conditions imposed by RFID hardware. This paper presents a modeling and synthesis framework for binary-reconfigurable FSSs driven by RFID ICs. By exploiting the two programmable output voltages of commercial chips, the proposed FSS toggles between reflective and transparent states at a fixed frequency, enabling wirelessly programmable interfaces without any external supply. A semi-analytical Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) links the target specifications—operating frequency and fractional bandwidth—to the lumped circuit parameters and, in turn, to the unit-cell geometry. The model provides a rapid and physically interpretable design tool, validated through full-wave simulations of multiple layouts showing agreement within 5% of numerical results.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643353
John Hateley;Sriram Narasimhan;Omid Abari
This paper presents a novel, cost-effective, and scalable approach to track numerous assets distributed in forested environments using commodity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) targeting wildfire response applications. Commodity RFID systems suffer from poor tag localization when dispersed in forested environments due to signal attenuation, multi-path effects and environmental variability. Current methods to address this issue via fingerprinting rely on dispersing tags at known locations a priori. In this paper, we address the case when it is not possible to tag known locations and show that it is possible to localize tags to accuracies comparable to global positioning systems (GPS) without such a constraint. For this, we propose Gaussian Process to model various environments solely based on RF signal response signatures and without the aid of additional sensors such as global positioning GPS or cameras, and match an unknown RF to the closest match in a model dictionary. We utilize a new weighted log-likelihood method to associate an unknown environment with the closest environment in a dictionary of previously modeled environments, which is a crucial step in being able to use our approach. Our results show that it is possible to achieve localization accuracies of the order of GPS, but with passive commodity RFID, which will allow the tracking of dozens of wildfire assets within the vicinity of mobile readers at-a-time simultaneously, does not require known positions to be tagged a priori, and can achieve localization at a fraction of the cost compared to GPS.
{"title":"Tracking Wildfire Assets With Commodity RFID and Gaussian Process Modeling","authors":"John Hateley;Sriram Narasimhan;Omid Abari","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel, cost-effective, and scalable approach to track numerous assets distributed in forested environments using commodity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) targeting wildfire response applications. Commodity RFID systems suffer from poor tag localization when dispersed in forested environments due to signal attenuation, multi-path effects and environmental variability. Current methods to address this issue via fingerprinting rely on dispersing tags at known locations a priori. In this paper, we address the case when it is not possible to tag known locations and show that it is possible to localize tags to accuracies comparable to global positioning systems (GPS) without such a constraint. For this, we propose Gaussian Process to model various environments solely based on RF signal response signatures and without the aid of additional sensors such as global positioning GPS or cameras, and match an unknown RF to the closest match in a model dictionary. We utilize a new weighted log-likelihood method to associate an unknown environment with the closest environment in a dictionary of previously modeled environments, which is a crucial step in being able to use our approach. Our results show that it is possible to achieve localization accuracies of the order of GPS, but with passive commodity RFID, which will allow the tracking of dozens of wildfire assets within the vicinity of mobile readers at-a-time simultaneously, does not require known positions to be tagged a priori, and can achieve localization at a fraction of the cost compared to GPS.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"998-1008"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3641924
Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar
A compact capacitively coupled meandered-slot serrated patch tag antenna with overall dimensions of 50 mm $times $ 40 mm $times 3.32$ mm ($0.153~lambda times 0.122~lambda times 0.010~lambda $ ) has been developed for UHF RFID applications on metallic surfaces. Unlike conventional fixed-frequency tag antennas, the proposed design introduces multi-parameter tuning flexibility through a single folded patch structure. The antenna incorporates two symmetrically positioned radiating patches on the top surface, generating a broadside radiation pattern above the metallic plate and achieving a stable and efficient operation with a power transmission coefficient of approximately 99%. The tag is lightweight and easy to fabricate using flexible foam and polyimide substrates, making it practical for real-world applications. Moreover, the resonant frequency can be precisely adjusted across 860-960 MHz, covering the entire global UHF RFID passband, by varying both the meandered slot width and the patch serrations, enabling robust frequency control without geometric complexity. Experimental testing was carried out by placing the antenna on a 20 cm $times20$ cm metal plate. With 4W effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), the antenna demonstrated a long read range of approximately 14 m in the xz and yz planes and around 10 m in the xy plane. A detailed analysis of the resonance behavior confirms that the tag frequency remains highly stable, showing only minor variations in the presence of the metallic backing. These results show that the proposed antenna is suitable for reliable long-range UHF RFID use on metal surfaces.
设计了一种紧凑的电容耦合弯曲槽锯齿贴片标签天线，其整体尺寸为50 mm × 40 mm × 3.32 mm (0.153~lambda × 0.122~lambda × 0.010~lambda)，用于金属表面上的超高频RFID应用。与传统的固定频率标签天线不同，该设计通过单个折叠贴片结构引入了多参数调谐的灵活性。天线在顶部表面包含两个对称定位的辐射片，在金属板上方产生宽侧辐射图，实现稳定有效的运行，功率传输系数约为99%。该标签重量轻，易于使用柔性泡沫和聚酰亚胺基材制造，使其适用于实际应用。此外，谐振频率可以在860- 960mhz范围内精确调节，通过改变弯曲槽宽度和贴片锯齿度，覆盖整个UHF RFID通带，实现鲁棒的频率控制，而不需要几何复杂性。将天线放置在20 cm × 20 cm的金属板上进行实验测试。在4W的有效各向同性辐射功率（EIRP）下，该天线在xz和yz平面上的读取距离约为14 m，在xy平面上的读取距离约为10 m。对共振行为的详细分析证实，标签频率保持高度稳定，在金属背衬的存在下仅显示微小的变化。结果表明，该天线适用于金属表面上可靠的远距离超高频射频识别。
{"title":"Frequency Tunable Folded-Patch UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Metal Surfaces","authors":"Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3641924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3641924","url":null,"abstract":"A compact capacitively coupled meandered-slot serrated patch tag antenna with overall dimensions of 50 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 40 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 3.32$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.153~lambda times 0.122~lambda times 0.010~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) has been developed for UHF RFID applications on metallic surfaces. Unlike conventional fixed-frequency tag antennas, the proposed design introduces multi-parameter tuning flexibility through a single folded patch structure. The antenna incorporates two symmetrically positioned radiating patches on the top surface, generating a broadside radiation pattern above the metallic plate and achieving a stable and efficient operation with a power transmission coefficient of approximately 99%. The tag is lightweight and easy to fabricate using flexible foam and polyimide substrates, making it practical for real-world applications. Moreover, the resonant frequency can be precisely adjusted across 860-960 MHz, covering the entire global UHF RFID passband, by varying both the meandered slot width and the patch serrations, enabling robust frequency control without geometric complexity. Experimental testing was carried out by placing the antenna on a 20 cm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm metal plate. With 4W effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), the antenna demonstrated a long read range of approximately 14 m in the xz and yz planes and around 10 m in the xy plane. A detailed analysis of the resonance behavior confirms that the tag frequency remains highly stable, showing only minor variations in the presence of the metallic backing. These results show that the proposed antenna is suitable for reliable long-range UHF RFID use on metal surfaces.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"976-987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3640652
Yupu Jia;Bingfeng Li;Penghui Jing
In many Radio Frequency Identification-based systems, Ultra-Wideband technology has emerged as a compelling alternative for improving positioning accuracy. Thanks to its high precision, low power consumption, and strong anti-interference capability, it shows broad application potential in complex environments. However, under non-line-of-sight conditions, the accuracy is considerably degraded due to signal obstruction and multipath interference. To address this challenge, an Ultra-Wideband signal classification method is proposed that leverages multi-level feature fusion and a cross-channel attention network.Initially, a feature selection mechanism utilizing recursive feature elimination with cross-validation is proposed to identify and retain the most salient Ultra-Wideband signal features, thereby mitigating the impact of irrelevant features and reducing computational complexity. Subsequently, to further enhance the model’s feature representation capability, a multi-level feature fusion module is introduced, which progressively integrates the outputs of each convolutional layer, consolidating features from multiple stages of the network. Concurrently, to further strengthen the proposed network’s ability to capture key features, a cross-channel attention mechanism is incorporated to adaptively assign weights based on feature importance. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved classification accuracies of 93.15%, 96.2%, and 98.49% on the three Ultra-Wideband datasets.
{"title":"Strategies for Improving the Accuracy of UWB Signal Classification","authors":"Yupu Jia;Bingfeng Li;Penghui Jing","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3640652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3640652","url":null,"abstract":"In many Radio Frequency Identification-based systems, Ultra-Wideband technology has emerged as a compelling alternative for improving positioning accuracy. Thanks to its high precision, low power consumption, and strong anti-interference capability, it shows broad application potential in complex environments. However, under non-line-of-sight conditions, the accuracy is considerably degraded due to signal obstruction and multipath interference. To address this challenge, an Ultra-Wideband signal classification method is proposed that leverages multi-level feature fusion and a cross-channel attention network.Initially, a feature selection mechanism utilizing recursive feature elimination with cross-validation is proposed to identify and retain the most salient Ultra-Wideband signal features, thereby mitigating the impact of irrelevant features and reducing computational complexity. Subsequently, to further enhance the model’s feature representation capability, a multi-level feature fusion module is introduced, which progressively integrates the outputs of each convolutional layer, consolidating features from multiple stages of the network. Concurrently, to further strengthen the proposed network’s ability to capture key features, a cross-channel attention mechanism is incorporated to adaptively assign weights based on feature importance. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved classification accuracies of 93.15%, 96.2%, and 98.49% on the three Ultra-Wideband datasets.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"967-975"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638993
Ben Liu;Chengde Ma;Jiazheng Li;Jixuan Zhu
The complex downhole environment in oilwells can easily cause variations in the impedance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antennas, leading to detuning of the radio frequency (RF) front-end and thereby compromising the system reliability. To address this issue, this paper proposes an adaptive tuning method based on phase-controlled capacitors for downhole RFID systems. This method offers advantages such as compact size and continuous tunability. In response to the highly variable downhole conditions, a fuzzy control algorithm is developed to significantly enhance the rapid tuning capability. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a tuning RFID module is implemented, an experimental platform is constructed, and the antenna detuning simulation tests are conducted. Results show that the proposed tuning method using phase-controlled capacitor can effectively maintain the RFID antenna in a resonant state, and compared with conventional fixed-step tuning methods, the fuzzy control algorithm reduces the tuning time by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in simulated downhole metal pipe interference tests, the method effectively mitigates impedance detuning and tag read failures caused by the strong metal interference, demonstrating excellent environmental adaptability.
{"title":"An Adaptive RFID Tuning Method Using Phase-Controlled Capacitor and Fuzzy Control for Oilwell Downhole Applications","authors":"Ben Liu;Chengde Ma;Jiazheng Li;Jixuan Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638993","url":null,"abstract":"The complex downhole environment in oilwells can easily cause variations in the impedance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antennas, leading to detuning of the radio frequency (RF) front-end and thereby compromising the system reliability. To address this issue, this paper proposes an adaptive tuning method based on phase-controlled capacitors for downhole RFID systems. This method offers advantages such as compact size and continuous tunability. In response to the highly variable downhole conditions, a fuzzy control algorithm is developed to significantly enhance the rapid tuning capability. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a tuning RFID module is implemented, an experimental platform is constructed, and the antenna detuning simulation tests are conducted. Results show that the proposed tuning method using phase-controlled capacitor can effectively maintain the RFID antenna in a resonant state, and compared with conventional fixed-step tuning methods, the fuzzy control algorithm reduces the tuning time by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in simulated downhole metal pipe interference tests, the method effectively mitigates impedance detuning and tag read failures caused by the strong metal interference, demonstrating excellent environmental adaptability.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"948-955"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638449
Bryan Ng Guo Wei;Jin-Kuan Li;Li-Chung Chang;Helio Augusto Muzamane;Hsin-Chin Liu
Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) is an important method in Physical Layer Security (PLS), as it leverages the inherent unclonable properties of electronic devices for reliable identification. With the rapid growth of communication systems, security challenges have intensified, and RFF has emerged as a valuable complement to traditional encryption techniques, adding a layer of authentication and security. Recent advances in machine learning have further enhanced RFF, enabling more powerful feature extraction and classification methods. Despite these developments, two main challenges remain, particularly the impact of channel variation and the identification of new devices. These issues, particularly in near-field Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, have not been explored. In this work, we conduct experiments to collect a massive amount of real data and adopt a channel-robust RFF framework for near-field (ISO/IEC 14443) RFID systems to make it robust against channel variation caused by different Proximity integrated Circuit Card (PICC) swiping positions relative to the Proximity Coupling Device (PCD) and build a feature extractor to enable the enrollment of new PICCs without retraining the feature extractor. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This study is beneficial to future deployments applying RFF techniques to practical near-field RFID systems.
{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of RF Fingerprinting Applied to Proximity Integrated Circuit Cards","authors":"Bryan Ng Guo Wei;Jin-Kuan Li;Li-Chung Chang;Helio Augusto Muzamane;Hsin-Chin Liu","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3638449","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) is an important method in Physical Layer Security (PLS), as it leverages the inherent unclonable properties of electronic devices for reliable identification. With the rapid growth of communication systems, security challenges have intensified, and RFF has emerged as a valuable complement to traditional encryption techniques, adding a layer of authentication and security. Recent advances in machine learning have further enhanced RFF, enabling more powerful feature extraction and classification methods. Despite these developments, two main challenges remain, particularly the impact of channel variation and the identification of new devices. These issues, particularly in near-field Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, have not been explored. In this work, we conduct experiments to collect a massive amount of real data and adopt a channel-robust RFF framework for near-field (ISO/IEC 14443) RFID systems to make it robust against channel variation caused by different Proximity integrated Circuit Card (PICC) swiping positions relative to the Proximity Coupling Device (PCD) and build a feature extractor to enable the enrollment of new PICCs without retraining the feature extractor. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This study is beneficial to future deployments applying RFF techniques to practical near-field RFID systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"988-997"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637292
Gene-Jinhan Ng;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee;Jen-Hahn Low;Chun-Hui Tan
In this paper, a single-layer zeroth-order resonator (ZOR) patch antenna that is loaded with four shorting stubs, which are placed in rotationally symmetric manner, is employed for designing a low-profile tag for anti-metal applications. The four stubs can generate a loop current for enabling good omnidirectionality in the azimuth plane. Also, they can be utilized to tune the tag resonant frequency effectively. An easy way of building the tag’s physical equivalent circuit model has been demonstrated here by decomposing the antenna structure into four equal quadrants. Since all the lumped components are derived from physical models, the circuit model can be used to describe the antenna impedance characteristics with reasonable accuracy. The proposed tag has a compact size of 33 mm $times 33$ mm $times 3.084$ mm ($0.1007~lambda times 0.1007~lambda times 0.0094~lambda $ ), and it can be effectively read from at least $sim ~6.3$ m (4W EIRP) in the azimuth plane when placed on metal. Good omnidirectionality can be achieved by maintaining the gain variation below 0.41 dB across the entire azimuth plane.
本文采用单层零阶谐振器（ZOR）贴片天线，负载四个旋转对称放置的短路桩，设计了一种用于防金属应用的低姿态标签。这四个桩可以产生一个环路电流，以实现在方位面上良好的全方向性。此外，它们还可用于有效地调谐标签谐振频率。通过将天线结构分解为四个相等的象限，我们演示了一种简单的方法来构建标签的物理等效电路模型。由于所有集总分量均来源于物理模型，因此电路模型可以较为准确地描述天线阻抗特性。所提出的标签具有33毫米$times 33$毫米$times 3.084$毫米（$0.1007~lambda times 0.1007~lambda times 0.0094~lambda $）的紧凑尺寸，并且当放置在金属上时，它可以有效地从方位面上至少$sim ~6.3$米（4W EIRP）读取。通过在整个方位面上保持小于0.41 dB的增益变化，可以实现良好的全向性。
{"title":"ZOR Antenna With Rotationally Symmetric Shorting Stubs for Omnidirectional Tag Design","authors":"Gene-Jinhan Ng;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee;Jen-Hahn Low;Chun-Hui Tan","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637292","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a single-layer zeroth-order resonator (ZOR) patch antenna that is loaded with four shorting stubs, which are placed in rotationally symmetric manner, is employed for designing a low-profile tag for anti-metal applications. The four stubs can generate a loop current for enabling good omnidirectionality in the azimuth plane. Also, they can be utilized to tune the tag resonant frequency effectively. An easy way of building the tag’s physical equivalent circuit model has been demonstrated here by decomposing the antenna structure into four equal quadrants. Since all the lumped components are derived from physical models, the circuit model can be used to describe the antenna impedance characteristics with reasonable accuracy. The proposed tag has a compact size of 33 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 33$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 3.084$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1007~lambda times 0.1007~lambda times 0.0094~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and it can be effectively read from at least <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim ~6.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m (4W EIRP) in the azimuth plane when placed on metal. Good omnidirectionality can be achieved by maintaining the gain variation below 0.41 dB across the entire azimuth plane.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"937-947"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637587
Thomas Schaechtle;Georg K. J. Fischer;Jan Helmerich;Ivo Häring;Fabian Höflinger;Stefan J. Rupitsch
Nowadays, increasing digitalization may give acoustic communication an essential role in areas where electromagnetic communication fails or can only be employed with extensive effort. Consequently, acoustic communication systems need to address the challenges of real-world applications. One key requirement are the limited energy resources that battery-powered sensor nodes possess. Besides the high energy consumption during transmission and reception, listening to the communication channel for synchronization between transmitter and receiver is a major energy consuming factor. For this purpose, we introduce a concept of wake-up receivers for acoustic communication systems, originally known from radio technology. Therefore, this contribution presents a concept of a low-power acoustic wake-up receiver implemented with a demonstrator through a 1.6 mm thick metal barrier. We exploit two fundamental resonance modes of a piezoelectric disc transducer to facilitate an acoustic wake-up. The radial vibration mode at 220 kHz enables frequency-based wake-up with a sensitivity of –87 dBm and a radial distance of 1.35 m. The thickness extension mode at 1.2 MHz generates a 100 kHz subcarrier to transmit an 8-bit Manchester-coded ID at 1.1 kbps, achieving a sensitivity of –37 dBm. Both wake-up schemes have been demonstrated to function reliably with an energy consumption of $14.3~mu $ W.
{"title":"Advancements in Low-Power Ultrasonic-Based Wake-Up Through Metal","authors":"Thomas Schaechtle;Georg K. J. Fischer;Jan Helmerich;Ivo Häring;Fabian Höflinger;Stefan J. Rupitsch","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3637587","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, increasing digitalization may give acoustic communication an essential role in areas where electromagnetic communication fails or can only be employed with extensive effort. Consequently, acoustic communication systems need to address the challenges of real-world applications. One key requirement are the limited energy resources that battery-powered sensor nodes possess. Besides the high energy consumption during transmission and reception, listening to the communication channel for synchronization between transmitter and receiver is a major energy consuming factor. For this purpose, we introduce a concept of wake-up receivers for acoustic communication systems, originally known from radio technology. Therefore, this contribution presents a concept of a low-power acoustic wake-up receiver implemented with a demonstrator through a 1.6 mm thick metal barrier. We exploit two fundamental resonance modes of a piezoelectric disc transducer to facilitate an acoustic wake-up. The radial vibration mode at 220 kHz enables frequency-based wake-up with a sensitivity of –87 dBm and a radial distance of 1.35 m. The thickness extension mode at 1.2 MHz generates a 100 kHz subcarrier to transmit an 8-bit Manchester-coded ID at 1.1 kbps, achieving a sensitivity of –37 dBm. Both wake-up schemes have been demonstrated to function reliably with an energy consumption of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$14.3~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"956-966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554
Prateeti Ugale;Megan Brewster
The escalating volume of textile waste poses a critical challenge to global sustainability efforts. Each discarded garment, whether heavily worn, lightly worn, or unused, contributes to a growing environmental crisis. While sustainability remains the overarching goal, circularity offers a practical and immediate pathway to mitigate textile waste through reuse, repair, and recycling. However, a significant barrier to circularity is the industry’s inability to preserve and access a garment’s unique “fingerprint,” vital information such as fiber composition. Without this, efficient bulk sorting, and the production of high-purity feedstock for recycling remain limited. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current textile waste management infrastructure, identifying key operational challenges, particularly those related to sorting and feedstock purity. It emphasizes the growing need for scalable solutions that can automate and enhance material identification at the end of a garment’s life. Radio frequency identification (RAIN) emerges as a promising technology to address this gap. By embedding RAIN tags directly into garments, it becomes possible to track items throughout their lifecycle. The paper also examines market forces accelerating RAIN adoption, including evolving regulatory mandates for product-level traceability, increasing brand participation driven by competitive pressure, and advancements in embedded and mobile device-readable RAIN tags. Alongside a comparative analysis of alternative identification technologies, the article concludes with a forward-looking vision of how a RAIN-enabled framework could empower producers, brands, consumers, and sorters, unlocking the full potential of textile circularity.
{"title":"Unlocking Circularity in Textiles Through a RAIN-Enabled Automated Framework","authors":"Prateeti Ugale;Megan Brewster","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating volume of textile waste poses a critical challenge to global sustainability efforts. Each discarded garment, whether heavily worn, lightly worn, or unused, contributes to a growing environmental crisis. While sustainability remains the overarching goal, circularity offers a practical and immediate pathway to mitigate textile waste through reuse, repair, and recycling. However, a significant barrier to circularity is the industry’s inability to preserve and access a garment’s unique “fingerprint,” vital information such as fiber composition. Without this, efficient bulk sorting, and the production of high-purity feedstock for recycling remain limited. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current textile waste management infrastructure, identifying key operational challenges, particularly those related to sorting and feedstock purity. It emphasizes the growing need for scalable solutions that can automate and enhance material identification at the end of a garment’s life. Radio frequency identification (RAIN) emerges as a promising technology to address this gap. By embedding RAIN tags directly into garments, it becomes possible to track items throughout their lifecycle. The paper also examines market forces accelerating RAIN adoption, including evolving regulatory mandates for product-level traceability, increasing brand participation driven by competitive pressure, and advancements in embedded and mobile device-readable RAIN tags. Alongside a comparative analysis of alternative identification technologies, the article concludes with a forward-looking vision of how a RAIN-enabled framework could empower producers, brands, consumers, and sorters, unlocking the full potential of textile circularity.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"919-936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554
Jihan Liang;Jixuan Zhu;Bo Tao;Zhouping Yin
Passive magnetic relay technology offers an effective solution for enhancing the detection range of an underground low-frequency (LF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. However, the parameter optimization of relay coils based on theoretical models remains an unresolved challenge. Firstly, this work establishes an equivalent circuit model for a three-coil RFID system and derives the transmission efficiency based on the reflected impedance theory. Compared to traditional two-coil RFID systems, the passive underground RFID detection system based on magnetic relay can improve the transmission efficiency, thereby increasing its detection range. Then, a genetic algorithm is designed to optimize the radius and deployment position of the relay coil with the goal of maximizing transmission efficiency, and the rationality of the optimal relay coil design is verified through simulations. Finally, a test platform for the three-coil RFID system is constructed, and the experimental results show that the maximum detection range of the three-coil RFID system is increased by 15.23% due to the passive relay coil, while also validating the feasibility of the proposed relay coil optimization design method.
{"title":"Optimization of a Passive Magnetic Relay Coil for Underground RFID Detection Systems","authors":"Jihan Liang;Jixuan Zhu;Bo Tao;Zhouping Yin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554","url":null,"abstract":"Passive magnetic relay technology offers an effective solution for enhancing the detection range of an underground low-frequency (LF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. However, the parameter optimization of relay coils based on theoretical models remains an unresolved challenge. Firstly, this work establishes an equivalent circuit model for a three-coil RFID system and derives the transmission efficiency based on the reflected impedance theory. Compared to traditional two-coil RFID systems, the passive underground RFID detection system based on magnetic relay can improve the transmission efficiency, thereby increasing its detection range. Then, a genetic algorithm is designed to optimize the radius and deployment position of the relay coil with the goal of maximizing transmission efficiency, and the rationality of the optimal relay coil design is verified through simulations. Finally, a test platform for the three-coil RFID system is constructed, and the experimental results show that the maximum detection range of the three-coil RFID system is increased by 15.23% due to the passive relay coil, while also validating the feasibility of the proposed relay coil optimization design method.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"910-918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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