Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2026.3655543
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3655543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3655543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"1009-1032"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11357547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654752
Francesca M. C. Nanni;Alessio Mostaccio;Gaetano Marrocco
As the demand for RFID-enabled systems grows, sustainability and circularity are becoming key drivers of innovation in tag and antenna design. Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) offers a low-impact and recyclable alternative to metal conductors, enabling green, chemical-free, and energy-efficient fabrication compatible with eco-friendly substrates and material recovery. Yet, its high surface resistance limits radiation efficiency and complicates impedance matching with highly reactive UHF-RFID chips. This work presents a numerical and experimental comparison of distributed and lumped matching techniques for LIG dipoles, quantifying their contribution to power loss and overall efficiency. Distributed networks (e.g., T-match, notch) introduce large insertion losses (10–20 dB) due to differential-mode currents, while lumped configurations minimize energy dissipation and preserve material efficiency. The best trade-off between performance and sustainability is obtained with a single inductor (enabling realized gains around −5 dBi) for medium impedances, whereas for loads with a very low real part, an eventually reusable small metallic loop is required to ensure conjugate matching with negligible environmental impact. The proposed guidelines enable energy- and material-efficient LIG-based RFID antennas, offering a practical route toward eco-compatible and circular wireless systems that combine high RF performance with sustainable design principles.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Impedance-Matching Techniques for Sustainable Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) UHF RFID Antennas","authors":"Francesca M. C. Nanni;Alessio Mostaccio;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654752","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for RFID-enabled systems grows, sustainability and circularity are becoming key drivers of innovation in tag and antenna design. Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) offers a low-impact and recyclable alternative to metal conductors, enabling green, chemical-free, and energy-efficient fabrication compatible with eco-friendly substrates and material recovery. Yet, its high surface resistance limits radiation efficiency and complicates impedance matching with highly reactive UHF-RFID chips. This work presents a numerical and experimental comparison of distributed and lumped matching techniques for LIG dipoles, quantifying their contribution to power loss and overall efficiency. Distributed networks (e.g., T-match, notch) introduce large insertion losses (10–20 dB) due to differential-mode currents, while lumped configurations minimize energy dissipation and preserve material efficiency. The best trade-off between performance and sustainability is obtained with a single inductor (enabling realized gains around −5 dBi) for medium impedances, whereas for loads with a very low real part, an eventually reusable small metallic loop is required to ensure conjugate matching with negligible environmental impact. The proposed guidelines enable energy- and material-efficient LIG-based RFID antennas, offering a practical route toward eco-compatible and circular wireless systems that combine high RF performance with sustainable design principles.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As drones become increasingly prevalent in both civilian and military applications, identifying their Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics is critical for airspace security and drone management. This paper proposes a lightweight network architecture RF-TCNet for drone RF fingerprint identification. A preprocessing method called Energy-Calibration Spectrum Generation (ECSG) is developed, which uses the global maximum amplitude to calibrate the spectrum energy and enhances feature contrast using decibel (dB) scaling transform to generate high-quality training data. Subsequently, the RF-TCNet is used for classification, which has approximately 0.1 M trainable parameters. Its core modules include Dynamic Frequency Attention (DFA) that emphasizes critical frequency elements and Energy Topology Pooling (ETP) that amplifies high-energy regions by eliminating redundant data. Experiments conducted on the DroneRFa and DroneRF datasets show that ECSG improved classification accuracy by 6.14% and 9.85%, respectively, compared to traditional preprocessing methods. With RF-TCNet, we achieve classification accuracies of 99.97% and 94.89% on these datasets while maintaining an extremely low number of parameters. The work improves the performance of drone RF signal recognition through efficient lightweight design and targeted preprocessing methods, providing a potential solution for resource constrained scenarios.
{"title":"RF-TCNet: A Lightweight Topology Compression Network for Drone RF Fingerprint Identification","authors":"Shun Zuo;Xianmin Bai;Chenxu Zhang;Yi Liu;Chunli Wang;Yanjun Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654664","url":null,"abstract":"As drones become increasingly prevalent in both civilian and military applications, identifying their Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics is critical for airspace security and drone management. This paper proposes a lightweight network architecture RF-TCNet for drone RF fingerprint identification. A preprocessing method called Energy-Calibration Spectrum Generation (ECSG) is developed, which uses the global maximum amplitude to calibrate the spectrum energy and enhances feature contrast using decibel (dB) scaling transform to generate high-quality training data. Subsequently, the RF-TCNet is used for classification, which has approximately 0.1 M trainable parameters. Its core modules include Dynamic Frequency Attention (DFA) that emphasizes critical frequency elements and Energy Topology Pooling (ETP) that amplifies high-energy regions by eliminating redundant data. Experiments conducted on the DroneRFa and DroneRF datasets show that ECSG improved classification accuracy by 6.14% and 9.85%, respectively, compared to traditional preprocessing methods. With RF-TCNet, we achieve classification accuracies of 99.97% and 94.89% on these datasets while maintaining an extremely low number of parameters. The work improves the performance of drone RF signal recognition through efficient lightweight design and targeted preprocessing methods, providing a potential solution for resource constrained scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2026.3653955
Diming Lin;Xiaoming Li;Xinkai Zhen;Jiawei He
The large-scale deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes has made low power consumption and high device compatibility key issues. The prevailing communication protocol for passive IoT devices is ISO/IEC 18000-6C. However, this protocol can only be implemented on the business side via dedicated readers, limiting its popularity among consumers. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is by far the most common type of connection. However, it requires a crystal oscillator to generate the necessary high-precision clock signal. For passive applications, using a crystal oscillator increases power consumption, cost and size. This paper addresses the integration of BLE uplink logic into RFID tag chips by providing a high-precision BLE clock via an air interface using clock-coordinated modulated wave technology. This enables passive IoT tags to access common consumer smart devices. A dual-band passive chip has been fabricated using the TSMC $0.18~mu $ m process. The resulting device measures 1.24 mm2, has an average power consumption of $16.4~mu $ W and a communication range of 12.9 m.
{"title":"Dual-Band Passive BLE Backscatter Tag With Clock-Coordinated Modulation","authors":"Diming Lin;Xiaoming Li;Xinkai Zhen;Jiawei He","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3653955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3653955","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes has made low power consumption and high device compatibility key issues. The prevailing communication protocol for passive IoT devices is ISO/IEC 18000-6C. However, this protocol can only be implemented on the business side via dedicated readers, limiting its popularity among consumers. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is by far the most common type of connection. However, it requires a crystal oscillator to generate the necessary high-precision clock signal. For passive applications, using a crystal oscillator increases power consumption, cost and size. This paper addresses the integration of BLE uplink logic into RFID tag chips by providing a high-precision BLE clock via an air interface using clock-coordinated modulated wave technology. This enables passive IoT tags to access common consumer smart devices. A dual-band passive chip has been fabricated using the TSMC <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.18~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m process. The resulting device measures 1.24 mm2, has an average power consumption of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16.4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W and a communication range of 12.9 m.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"60-65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a compact implantable ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) rectenna tag designed for integration into an implantable bolus for in-body wireless animal tracking. The integrated design achieves dual functionality: passive RFID tag (920–925 MHz) and RF energy harvesting via a Schottky diode rectifier. The rectenna tag structure incorporates a meandered dipole antenna with T-matching, optimized for conjugate impedance matching with a passive RFID chip operating in the 920–925 MHz band. A loop structure is integrated with a Schottky diode to enable RF-to-DC power conversion. Full-wave simulations within high-dielectric media ($varepsilon text {r} =40$ –80) modeling internal bolus conditions demonstrate an input impedance of 30 + j$300~Omega $ , exhibiting an omnidirectional radiation pattern with a gain of −19.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (rectenna port), and a specific absorption rate (SAR) in 1 g of 0.231 W/kg and 0.336 W/kg, respectively. The system demonstrates an RF power harvesting efficiency of up to 10-20%. A prototype was fabricated and tested in water, achieving maximum read ranges of 2.0 m (free space) and 1.4 m (aqueous environment). Measured gains were −15.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (Rectenna port). The measured SAR also remained at 0.27 W/kg (RFID tag port) and 0.35 W/kg (Rectenna port), well within established safety limits. These results validate the proposed rectenna tag as a promising solution for efficient and safe in-body animal tracking via implantable bolus tags. The system integrates a passive RFID chip and RF-DC rectifier, enabling dual-functionality: battery-free real-time animal identification and self-powered physiological sensing (e.g., rumen temperature/pH) for livestock health monitoring.
本文提出了一种紧凑的可植入超高频（UHF）射频识别（RFID）天线标签，设计用于集成到可植入的体内无线动物跟踪。集成设计实现了双重功能：无源RFID标签（920-925 MHz）和通过肖特基二极管整流器的射频能量收集。整流天线标签结构采用弯曲偶极子天线与t匹配，优化为共轭阻抗匹配与工作在920-925 MHz频段的无源RFID芯片。环路结构与肖特基二极管集成，以实现rf到dc功率转换。在高介电介质（$varepsilon text {r} =40$ -80）中模拟内腔条件的全波模拟表明，输入阻抗为30 + j $300~Omega $，显示出全向辐射方向图，增益为- 19.0 dBi （RFID端口）和- 18.0 dBi（整流天线端口），1 g时的比吸收率（SAR）分别为0.231 W/kg和0.336 W/kg。该系统的射频功率收集效率高达10- 20％%. A prototype was fabricated and tested in water, achieving maximum read ranges of 2.0 m (free space) and 1.4 m (aqueous environment). Measured gains were −15.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (Rectenna port). The measured SAR also remained at 0.27 W/kg (RFID tag port) and 0.35 W/kg (Rectenna port), well within established safety limits. These results validate the proposed rectenna tag as a promising solution for efficient and safe in-body animal tracking via implantable bolus tags. The system integrates a passive RFID chip and RF-DC rectifier, enabling dual-functionality: battery-free real-time animal identification and self-powered physiological sensing (e.g., rumen temperature/pH) for livestock health monitoring.
{"title":"A Compact Implantable UHF-RFID Rectenna Tag for Implantable Bolus-Based Wireless Animal Tracking","authors":"Supakit Kawdungta;Danai Torrungrueng;Hsi-Tseng Chou","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652809","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a compact implantable ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) rectenna tag designed for integration into an implantable bolus for in-body wireless animal tracking. The integrated design achieves dual functionality: passive RFID tag (920–925 MHz) and RF energy harvesting via a Schottky diode rectifier. The rectenna tag structure incorporates a meandered dipole antenna with T-matching, optimized for conjugate impedance matching with a passive RFID chip operating in the 920–925 MHz band. A loop structure is integrated with a Schottky diode to enable RF-to-DC power conversion. Full-wave simulations within high-dielectric media (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon text {r} =40$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–80) modeling internal bolus conditions demonstrate an input impedance of 30 + j<inline-formula> <tex-math>$300~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, exhibiting an omnidirectional radiation pattern with a gain of −19.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (rectenna port), and a specific absorption rate (SAR) in 1 g of 0.231 W/kg and 0.336 W/kg, respectively. The system demonstrates an RF power harvesting efficiency of up to 10-20%. A prototype was fabricated and tested in water, achieving maximum read ranges of 2.0 m (free space) and 1.4 m (aqueous environment). Measured gains were −15.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (Rectenna port). The measured SAR also remained at 0.27 W/kg (RFID tag port) and 0.35 W/kg (Rectenna port), well within established safety limits. These results validate the proposed rectenna tag as a promising solution for efficient and safe in-body animal tracking via implantable bolus tags. The system integrates a passive RFID chip and RF-DC rectifier, enabling dual-functionality: battery-free real-time animal identification and self-powered physiological sensing (e.g., rumen temperature/pH) for livestock health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology enables scalable, passive device-free location and activity recognition (LAR) in smart warehouses, assisted living environments, and industrial Internet of Things (IoT) through the deployment of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) readers. However, it is observed that performance degrades across different environments due to domain shifts resulting from changes in shelving layouts, inventory density, metallic interference, tag orientation, worker dynamics, and multi-reader configurations. This work proposes CycleSiamese, a lightweight, class-aware domain adaptation framework suitable for passive RFID systems, which integrates cycle-consistent Received Signal Strength (RSS) transformations with a Siamese classifier, for LAR using minimal labeled target samples. Evaluated on the COTS UHF RFID floor dataset featuring Impinj Monza 4 Quiet Tag (QT) passive tags beneath an apartment floor interrogated by an Impinj Speedway Revolution R420 reader for device-free ambient assisted living monitoring, the proposed method reduces linear inter-personal domain discrepancy from 21.58 to 2.16 (88 % reduction), achieving 82.2 % Human Activity Recognition (HAR) accuracy with limited target samples. Further, the proposed method is successfully validated on three additional Radio Frequency (RF)-based datasets, which include temporal drift, device heterogeneity, and dynamic environments, while supporting real-time edge deployment on resource-constrained RFID gateways.
{"title":"Edge-Assisted Domain Adaptive Passive RF-Based Sensing for Localization and Activity Recognition","authors":"Ankur Pandey;Mohammad Zeeshan;Joaquín Torres-Sospedra;Atul Kumar;Sudhir Kumar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3651054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3651054","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology enables scalable, passive device-free location and activity recognition (LAR) in smart warehouses, assisted living environments, and industrial Internet of Things (IoT) through the deployment of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) readers. However, it is observed that performance degrades across different environments due to domain shifts resulting from changes in shelving layouts, inventory density, metallic interference, tag orientation, worker dynamics, and multi-reader configurations. This work proposes CycleSiamese, a lightweight, class-aware domain adaptation framework suitable for passive RFID systems, which integrates cycle-consistent Received Signal Strength (RSS) transformations with a Siamese classifier, for LAR using minimal labeled target samples. Evaluated on the COTS UHF RFID floor dataset featuring Impinj Monza 4 Quiet Tag (QT) passive tags beneath an apartment floor interrogated by an Impinj Speedway Revolution R420 reader for device-free ambient assisted living monitoring, the proposed method reduces linear inter-personal domain discrepancy from 21.58 to 2.16 (88 % reduction), achieving 82.2 % Human Activity Recognition (HAR) accuracy with limited target samples. Further, the proposed method is successfully validated on three additional Radio Frequency (RF)-based datasets, which include temporal drift, device heterogeneity, and dynamic environments, while supporting real-time edge deployment on resource-constrained RFID gateways.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"35-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645790
Thuy T. Pham;Lucien Gheerbrant;Ha S. Pham;Veronica B. H. Nguyen;Philip H. W. Leong
Long journeys for space exploration demand innovative solutions to address hazards where conventional communication systems may fail due to electromagnetic (EM) disruptions or environmental extremes. Effective search and rescue strategies are vital for spacewalks and unforeseen EM instability. We propose a research direction involving ad-hoc, direct communication protocols to enhance survivability under harsh space conditions. It provides a pathway for real-time communication that is perceptible to humans, computationally efficient, and resilient to EM interference. Furthermore, it can take advantage of upcoming advancements in wearable sensors and non-terrestrial edge computing. Our proposed methods include sign profiling via analysis of visual cues from sign language for the deaf. Profiles can be achieved by detecting critical pose landmarks through a body area network of wearable sensors. We also recommend an embedded artificial intelligence approach using edge computing to achieve real-time performance with small size, weight, power and cost. Our work may lead to new developments in spacesuit design and new search and rescue practices. We also propose related research problems concerning variations in sign languages across communities to foster seamless spoken and unspoken exchanges.
{"title":"Space Sign Language for Spacewalks: Sign Profiling and Edge Computing Approach","authors":"Thuy T. Pham;Lucien Gheerbrant;Ha S. Pham;Veronica B. H. Nguyen;Philip H. W. Leong","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645790","url":null,"abstract":"Long journeys for space exploration demand innovative solutions to address hazards where conventional communication systems may fail due to electromagnetic (EM) disruptions or environmental extremes. Effective search and rescue strategies are vital for spacewalks and unforeseen EM instability. We propose a research direction involving ad-hoc, direct communication protocols to enhance survivability under harsh space conditions. It provides a pathway for real-time communication that is perceptible to humans, computationally efficient, and resilient to EM interference. Furthermore, it can take advantage of upcoming advancements in wearable sensors and non-terrestrial edge computing. Our proposed methods include sign profiling via analysis of visual cues from sign language for the deaf. Profiles can be achieved by detecting critical pose landmarks through a body area network of wearable sensors. We also recommend an embedded artificial intelligence approach using edge computing to achieve real-time performance with small size, weight, power and cost. Our work may lead to new developments in spacesuit design and new search and rescue practices. We also propose related research problems concerning variations in sign languages across communities to foster seamless spoken and unspoken exchanges.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"90-100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes an innovative design approach for an ultra-compact RF rectifier, emphasizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The rectifier design employs a dual-branch cell configuration, labeled as Section-I (S1) and Section-II (S2), to enhance its performance characteristics. To support biomedical implant applications, these branches are incorporated with a meandered line network, designated as (ML1 and ML2). A radial stub is employed in the S1 structure, while series inductors are additionally connected to S1 and S2 to achieve improved performance characteristics. To improve power delivery performance, the proposed rectifier is specifically optimized for enhanced transfer efficiency within the frequency range of 1.28 GHz to 1.52 GHz. This makes it highly suitable for integration into wireless power transfer systems (WPTs) designed for biomedical implants. Both the simulated (experimental) results confirmed a maximum RF-to-DC PCE of 78.80% (77.7%), achieved at an input power $P_{in}$ level of 4 dBm. Moreover, the proposed design achieves an RF-to-DC conversion efficiency greater than 25% at $P_{in}$ level of −20 dBm, thereby demonstrating its suitability for efficient operation under low-power conditions. The rectifier is fabricated on an RT/Duroid substrate, resulting in a compact footprint measuring 7.8 mm by 9.3 mm. A single-series diode (SSrd) configuration is employed to achieve the desired rectification performance. To ensure a wide impedance bandwidth, a sequential matching technique is applied, effectively optimizing the device’s performance throughout the specified frequency spectrum. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed rectifier in enabling WPT for biomedical implant applications, with particular emphasis on scenarios that demand efficient harvesting of ambient energy.
{"title":"Ultracompact RF Rectifier Circuit for Implantable Devices","authors":"Usman Yau;Jun Jiat Tiang;Mohamed Karim Azizi;Surajo Muhammad;Kamel Smida;Nazih Khaddaj Mallat;Amjad Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3644960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3644960","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes an innovative design approach for an ultra-compact RF rectifier, emphasizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The rectifier design employs a dual-branch cell configuration, labeled as Section-I (S1) and Section-II (S2), to enhance its performance characteristics. To support biomedical implant applications, these branches are incorporated with a meandered line network, designated as (ML1 and ML2). A radial stub is employed in the S1 structure, while series inductors are additionally connected to S1 and S2 to achieve improved performance characteristics. To improve power delivery performance, the proposed rectifier is specifically optimized for enhanced transfer efficiency within the frequency range of 1.28 GHz to 1.52 GHz. This makes it highly suitable for integration into wireless power transfer systems (WPTs) designed for biomedical implants. Both the simulated (experimental) results confirmed a maximum RF-to-DC PCE of 78.80% (77.7%), achieved at an input power <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{in}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> level of 4 dBm. Moreover, the proposed design achieves an RF-to-DC conversion efficiency greater than 25% at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{in}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> level of −20 dBm, thereby demonstrating its suitability for efficient operation under low-power conditions. The rectifier is fabricated on an RT/Duroid substrate, resulting in a compact footprint measuring 7.8 mm by 9.3 mm. A single-series diode (SSrd) configuration is employed to achieve the desired rectification performance. To ensure a wide impedance bandwidth, a sequential matching technique is applied, effectively optimizing the device’s performance throughout the specified frequency spectrum. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed rectifier in enabling WPT for biomedical implant applications, with particular emphasis on scenarios that demand efficient harvesting of ambient energy.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the joint impact of nodes mobility and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) on the performance of a multi-tag ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system over Nakagami-$m$ fading channels. Specifically, the system comprises a mobile ambient RF source, $K$ energy harvesting enabled mobile passive tags, and a moving reader. All wireless links are subject to time-selective fading, modeled using a first-order autoregressive process. To enhance the performance, a tag selection policy is employed to select the best tag among $K$ candidates, while the reader utilizes both perfect SIC (pSIC) and imperfect SIC (ipSIC) techniques. Under this realistic setting, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity in both pSIC and ipSIC scenarios. Furthermore, we present asymptotic OP analyses in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime to extract key insights into the system’s diversity order. We also present the system throughput analysis under both pSIC and ipSIC cases. Several practical scenarios are also examined, including static nodes configuration and large time-varying errors, to characterize their effects on the system performance. We also analyze the influence of various system and channel parameters, nodes mobility, and the SIC control parameter on the system performance. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions.
{"title":"Impact of Nodes Mobility and Imperfect SIC on the Outage Performance of Multi-Tag Ambient Backscatter Systems Over Nakagami-m Fading Channels","authors":"Ashutosh Rastogi;Suneel Yadav;Radhika Gour;Devendra Singh Gurjar;Juraj Gazda","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the joint impact of nodes mobility and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) on the performance of a multi-tag ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system over Nakagami-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fading channels. Specifically, the system comprises a mobile ambient RF source, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> energy harvesting enabled mobile passive tags, and a moving reader. All wireless links are subject to time-selective fading, modeled using a first-order autoregressive process. To enhance the performance, a tag selection policy is employed to select the best tag among <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> candidates, while the reader utilizes both perfect SIC (pSIC) and imperfect SIC (ipSIC) techniques. Under this realistic setting, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity in both pSIC and ipSIC scenarios. Furthermore, we present asymptotic OP analyses in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime to extract key insights into the system’s diversity order. We also present the system throughput analysis under both pSIC and ipSIC cases. Several practical scenarios are also examined, including static nodes configuration and large time-varying errors, to characterize their effects on the system performance. We also analyze the influence of various system and channel parameters, nodes mobility, and the SIC control parameter on the system performance. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"20-34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593
Francesco Lestini;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi
Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) technology is entering its third generation, extending beyond identification and sensing toward the control of electromagnetic (EM) functions. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of RFID-controlled antennas, metasurfaces, and intelligent surfaces, where standard RFID Integrated Circuits (ICs) act as wireless, battery-free controllers. Within this family, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) represent a particularly demanding case, since their narrowband resonant response must be precisely engineered under the discrete bias conditions imposed by RFID hardware. This paper presents a modeling and synthesis framework for binary-reconfigurable FSSs driven by RFID ICs. By exploiting the two programmable output voltages of commercial chips, the proposed FSS toggles between reflective and transparent states at a fixed frequency, enabling wirelessly programmable interfaces without any external supply. A semi-analytical Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) links the target specifications—operating frequency and fractional bandwidth—to the lumped circuit parameters and, in turn, to the unit-cell geometry. The model provides a rapid and physically interpretable design tool, validated through full-wave simulations of multiple layouts showing agreement within 5% of numerical results.
{"title":"Modeling and Design of RFID-Controlled Binary-Reconfigurable Frequency Selective Surfaces","authors":"Francesco Lestini;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3643593","url":null,"abstract":"Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) technology is entering its third generation, extending beyond identification and sensing toward the control of electromagnetic (EM) functions. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of RFID-controlled antennas, metasurfaces, and intelligent surfaces, where standard RFID Integrated Circuits (ICs) act as wireless, battery-free controllers. Within this family, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) represent a particularly demanding case, since their narrowband resonant response must be precisely engineered under the discrete bias conditions imposed by RFID hardware. This paper presents a modeling and synthesis framework for binary-reconfigurable FSSs driven by RFID ICs. By exploiting the two programmable output voltages of commercial chips, the proposed FSS toggles between reflective and transparent states at a fixed frequency, enabling wirelessly programmable interfaces without any external supply. A semi-analytical Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) links the target specifications—operating frequency and fractional bandwidth—to the lumped circuit parameters and, in turn, to the unit-cell geometry. The model provides a rapid and physically interpretable design tool, validated through full-wave simulations of multiple layouts showing agreement within 5% of numerical results.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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