Calcite Precipitation on Excavated Andesite Surfaces from the Archaeological Sites of Aigai and Assos (Turkey)

IF 2.3 2区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Geoheritage Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI:10.1007/s12371-024-00952-y
Çağlayan Deniz Kaplan, Hasan Böke
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Abstract

The conservation interventions of crusts or patinas formed on the surfaces of stone monuments should be evaluated within a comprehensive approach in archaeological excavations, taking into account their material characteristics. In this study, the mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics of whitish crusts formed on the surfaces of buried and later excavated andesite surfaces at the archaeological sites of Aigai and Assos (Turkey) were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analyses in order to establish a conservation approach at the archaeological sites. The whitish crusts formed on the excavated andesite surfaces are mainly composed of calcite with freshwater diatom species. Calcite is most likely formed by the alteration of plagioclase by carbon dioxide in the soil during the burial of the andesites. In the soil, CO2 reacts with plagioclase to produce kaolinite and calcite which are precipitated on the andesite surfaces after excavation. The presence of freshwater diatom species in the whitish crusts may indicate that the andesite remains were buried in the waterlogged soil for many years and later excavated. Therefore, whitish crusts should not be cleaned from the andesite surfaces, as they are a sign of the burial history of the monuments and a protective layer against weathering.

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土耳其艾盖和阿索斯考古遗址出土安山岩表面的方解石沉淀物
在考古发掘中,对石碑表面形成的结壳或铜绿的保护干预措施应根据其材料特性进行综合评估。本研究通过 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FT-IR)、X 射线荧光 (XRF) 和扫描电子显微镜耦合能量色散光谱 (SEM-EDS) 分析,研究了土耳其艾盖和阿索斯考古遗址的安山岩表面埋藏的和后来发掘的白色结壳的矿物学、化学和微观结构特征,以确定考古遗址的保护方法。挖掘出的安山岩表面形成的白色结壳主要由方解石和淡水硅藻组成。方解石很可能是安山岩埋藏期间土壤中的二氧化碳改变斜长石形成的。在土壤中,二氧化碳与斜长石反应生成高岭石和方解石,挖掘后沉淀在安山岩表面。白色结壳中含有淡水硅藻物种,这可能表明安山岩遗迹曾在积水土壤中埋藏多年,后来才被挖掘出来。因此,不应清理安山岩表面的白色结壳,因为它们是古迹埋藏历史的标志,也是防止风化的保护层。
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来源期刊
Geoheritage
Geoheritage GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
34.50%
发文量
107
期刊介绍: The Geoheritage journal is an international journal dedicated to discussing all aspects of our global geoheritage, both in situ and portable. The journal will invite all contributions on the conservation of sites and materials - use, protection and practical heritage management - as well as its interpretation through education, training and tourism. The journal wishes to cover all aspects of geoheritage and its protection. Key topics are: - Identification, characterisation, quantification and management of geoheritage; - Geodiversity and geosites; - On-site science, geological and geomorphological research: - Global scientific heritage - key scientific geosites, GSSPs, stratotype conservation and management; - Scientific research and education, and the promotion of the geosciences thereby; - Conventions, statute and legal instruments, national and international; - Integration of biodiversity and geodiversity in nature conservation and land-use policies; - Geological heritage and Environmental Impact Assessment studies; - Geological heritage, sustainable development, community action, practical initiatives and tourism; - Geoparks: creation, management and outputs; - Conservation in the natural world, Man-made and natural impacts, climate change; - Geotourism definitions, methodologies, and case studies; - International mechanisms for conservation and popularisation - World Heritage Sites, National Parks etc.; - Materials, data and people important in the history of science, museums, collections and all portable geoheritage; - Education and training of geoheritage specialists; - Pedagogical use of geological heritage - publications, teaching media, trails, centres, on-site museums; - Linking the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005- 2014) with geoconservation.
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