Bearing capacity of shallow foundations: a focus on the depth factors in combination with the respective N-factors

Abstract

The ongoing refinement of bearing capacity equations remains pivotal in soil mechanics and foundation engineering, reflecting its critical role in ensuring design efficacy and construction safety. This study conducts a thorough evaluation of classical bearing capacity methods—Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Vesic, and Hansen—and methods included in various design standards, such as EN1997:2004, prEN1997:2023, GEO, AASHTO, FHWA, and API. It explores the performance and applicability of these approaches, identifying areas for potential improvement. In response to identified challenges, the paper proposes the integration of a unified depth factor. This new factor is designed to be applicable across all N-terms, providing a more versatile and accurate tool for bearing capacity predictions. Unlike the original depth factors unique to each method, which may not fully address complex soil and footing conditions, the unified depth factor is developed to enhance prediction accuracy for a wide range of conditions, including both flexible and rigid footings under varying flow rules (ψ = 0 and ψ = φ). This depth factor corrects for modeling errors, emphasizing the importance of pairing the correct set of N-factors with their corresponding depth factor. By offering a singular depth factor that aligns with the outcomes of finite element analysis, this paper not only simplifies the computational process but also enhances the accuracy of bearing capacity predictions across a diverse range of soil conditions and footing types. The comparative analysis, based on finite element analysis, validates the proposed method’s effectiveness, showcasing its potential to significantly refine foundation design practices by comparing it with both traditional and newly developed depth factors.