Clinical Implications of Alternating Hypointense Bands on OCT Angiography in Retinal Vascular Occlusive Disease

Abstract

Purpose

To demonstrate the relationship between alternating hypointense signal bands on OCT angiography (OCTA), real-time fluorescein angiography (FA), and structural OCT findings in patients with retinal vascular occlusive disease (RVOD).

Design

Retrospective, consecutive case series.

Subjects

Consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute RVOD and alternating bands of hypointense OCTA flow signal on en face projections.

Methods

Complete ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging, including color fundus photography, real-time FA, spectral-domain OCT, and OCTA performed with different instruments having different scan speeds and acquisition protocols.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcomes were: hypointense OCTA band characteristics (number, width, orientation, and location), OCTA acquisition characteristics (speed and scan direction), and FA findings including delayed arteriovenous (AV) transit and pulsatile flow. Secondary outcomes were: structural OCT changes including retinal fluid, paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) lesion, and a prominent middle limiting membrane (p-MLM) sign.

Results

OCT angiography hypointense bands were detected in the superficial and deep vascular plexuses in 9 eyes of 9 patients with either partial central retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or nonischemic RVO. When obtained on the same device, hypointense bands were thinner and more numerous at lower (100 kHz) scan speeds compared with higher (200 kHz) scan speeds. Band orientation was parallel to the OCTA scan direction, and their extent correlated with the area of delayed AV transit on FA. Structural OCT showed multiple PAMM lesions in 78% of cases and a p-MLM sign centered in the fovea in 44% of cases.

Conclusions

OCT hypointense bands are a novel biomarker in RVOD indicating delayed AV transit and pulsatile filling without the need for dye angiography. Structural OCT often shows PAMM in these eyes and, less commonly, a p-MLM sign.

Financial Disclosure(s)

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.