Development of node architecture and emergence of molecular organizer characteristics in the pig embryo.

Abstract

Background: The avian node is the equivalent of the amphibian Spemann's organizer, as indicated by its ability to induce a secondary axis, cellular contribution, and gene expression, whereas the node of the mouse, which displays limited inductive capacities, was suggested to be a part of spatially distributed signaling. Furthermore, the structural identity of the mouse node is subject of controversy, while little is known about equivalent structures in other mammals.

Results: We analyzed the node and emerging organizer in the pig using morphology and the expression of selected organizer genes prior to and during gastrulation. The node was defined according to the "four-quarter model" based on comparative consideration. The node of the pig displays a multilayered, dense structure that includes columnar epithelium, bottle-like cells in the dorsal part, and mesenchymal cells ventrally. Expression of goosecoid (gsc), chordin, and brachyury, together with morphology, reveal the consecutive emergence of three distinct domains: the gastrulation precursor domain, the presumptive node, and the mature node. Additionally, gsc displays a ventral expression domain prior to epiblast epithelialization.

Conclusion: Our study defines the morphological and molecular context of the emerging organizer equivalent in the pig and suggests a sequential development of its function.