Margalefidinium polykrikoides dinoflagellate blooms increase mortality of Acartia tonsa copepods

Abstract

Previous research on phytoplankton blooms has often focused on the initiation of blooms, while studies on the mechanisms underlying bloom decline and termination have been more limited. This study aimed to explore the extent of which Acartia tonsa (copepod) grazing does or does not contribute to Margalefidinium polykrikoides (dinoflagellate) bloom decline. M. polykrikoides is a prominent harmful algal bloom (HAB) species that forms dense blooms in coastal and estuarine systems around the world with known ichthyotoxic effects. Sampling occurred in the lower York River Estuary, Virginia, USA in 2021 and 2022 during two M. polykrikoides blooms. Prey removal experiments were conducted using organisms collected from the field to estimate A. tonsa ingestion rates on M. polykrikoides. While A. tonsa was capable of ingesting M. polykrikoides at low abundance, when M. polykrikoides abundance exceeded 2000 cells mL⁻¹, A. tonsa experienced nearly 100% mortality in the 24-hour prey removal experiments. This suggests that A. tonsa likely cannot exert any top-down control on M. polykrikoides blooms, rather, at high concentrations, M. polykrikoides may act as its own grazing deterrent. Extensive M. polykrikoides blooms could therefore continue to persist due to a reduction in grazing pressure, rather than an increase. This would suggest that the decline of M. polykrikoides blooms is likely caused by another factor. As the frequency, duration, and magnitude of HABs are expected to increase in the future, these findings provide key insights to the trophic interactions that may be influencing the duration of M. polykrikoides blooms.