Pub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102866
Miles Medina , Paul Julian II , Nicholas Chin , Stephen E. Davis
{"title":"Corrigendum to “An early-warning forecast model for red tide (Karenia brevis) blooms on the southwest coast of Florida.” Harmful Algae 139 (2024) 102729","authors":"Miles Medina , Paul Julian II , Nicholas Chin , Stephen E. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102866"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries is a diatom known for producing domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can cause Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), which poses risks to both marine life and human health. This study reports the first detailed investigation of P. multiseries in the Sea of Marmara, focusing on its morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production. Morphological analysis using light and electron microscopy confirmed key diagnostic features consistent with P. multiseries. Phylogenetic analysis, focusing on ITS and LSU gene sequences, showed a close genetic relationship between the Turkish strain and other strains of P. multiseries. Domoic acid levels, quantified using LC-MS/MS during exponential and stationary growth phases, ranged between 2.46 and 3.24 pg cell−1, with minor amounts of isoDA (A, D and E) also detected. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring P. multiseries in Turkish coastal waters due to its significant potential for DA production. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production of P. multiseries, as well as its potential implications for management of marine resources and public health protection. It offers a comprehensive examination of this potentially toxic diatom species in Turkish coastal waters.
{"title":"Morpho-phylogenetic and toxicological characterisation of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries from the Sea of Marmara (Türkiye)","authors":"Rabia Sezgin , Turgay Durmus , Muharrem Balci , Fuat Dursun , Neslihan Balkis-Ozdelice , Bernd Krock , Seyfettin Tas","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries</em> is a diatom known for producing domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can cause Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), which poses risks to both marine life and human health. This study reports the first detailed investigation of <em>P. multiseries</em> in the Sea of Marmara, focusing on its morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production. Morphological analysis using light and electron microscopy confirmed key diagnostic features consistent with <em>P. multiseries</em>. Phylogenetic analysis, focusing on ITS and LSU gene sequences, showed a close genetic relationship between the Turkish strain and other strains of <em>P. multiseries</em>. Domoic acid levels, quantified using LC-MS/MS during exponential and stationary growth phases, ranged between 2.46 and 3.24 pg cell<sup>−1</sup>, with minor amounts of isoDA (A, D and E) also detected. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring <em>P. multiseries</em> in Turkish coastal waters due to its significant potential for DA production. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology, phylogeny, and toxin production of <em>P. multiseries</em>, as well as its potential implications for management of marine resources and public health protection. It offers a comprehensive examination of this potentially toxic diatom species in Turkish coastal waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 102867"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102863
Yuping Lv , Yu Zhen , Jingyi Cen , Songhui Lu , Mingmin Li , Yifan Liu , Xiaoyu Chi , Jian Yuan , Jianyan Wang
In recent years, species of the family Kareniaceae have been forming algal blooms worldwide, leading to significant fish mortality. The biodiversity of this group of dinoflagellates has been underestimated, primarily due to their highly similar morphologies. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) targeted the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) of dinoflagellates, 21 Kareniaceae species were identified from the South China Sea (SCS), including nine species newly recorded in Chinese coastal waters. Additionally, species-specific real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for three Karenia species (Karenia longicanalis, K. papilionacea, and K. selliformis) isolated from the SCS were established. Karenia longicanalis and K. papilionacea were identified as the most prevalent Karenia species in summer in the Zhujiang Estuary via qPCR. Further qPCR analysis during a Karenia spp. bloom in the Beibu Gulf on August 3, 2023, revealed K. selliformis as the most abundant species, followed by K. longicanalis, K. mikimotoi, and K. papilionacea. Both HTS and qPCR methods successfully detected the targeted Karenia species in field samples; however, qPCR assays identified them at more stations than HTS. The integration of qPCR assays with HTS provides a comprehensive and precise assessment of the diversity of Kareniaceae species and harmful dinoflagellates. This multi-method approach enhances our understanding and management of harmful algal blooms, thereby contributing to the improved protection of marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Kareniaceae in focus: A molecular survey of harmful algal dinoflagellates in the South China Sea","authors":"Yuping Lv , Yu Zhen , Jingyi Cen , Songhui Lu , Mingmin Li , Yifan Liu , Xiaoyu Chi , Jian Yuan , Jianyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, species of the family Kareniaceae have been forming algal blooms worldwide, leading to significant fish mortality. The biodiversity of this group of dinoflagellates has been underestimated, primarily due to their highly similar morphologies. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) targeted the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) of dinoflagellates, 21 Kareniaceae species were identified from the South China Sea (SCS), including nine species newly recorded in Chinese coastal waters. Additionally, species-specific real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for three <em>Karenia</em> species (<em>Karenia longicanalis, K. papilionacea</em>, and <em>K. selliformis</em>) isolated from the SCS were established. <em>Karenia longicanalis</em> and <em>K. papilionacea</em> were identified as the most prevalent <em>Karenia</em> species in summer in the Zhujiang Estuary via qPCR. Further qPCR analysis during a <em>Karenia</em> spp. bloom in the Beibu Gulf on August 3, 2023, revealed <em>K. selliformis</em> as the most abundant species, followed by <em>K. longicanalis, K. mikimotoi</em>, and <em>K. papilionacea</em>. Both HTS and qPCR methods successfully detected the targeted <em>Karenia</em> species in field samples; however, qPCR assays identified them at more stations than HTS. The integration of qPCR assays with HTS provides a comprehensive and precise assessment of the diversity of Kareniaceae species and harmful dinoflagellates. This multi-method approach enhances our understanding and management of harmful algal blooms, thereby contributing to the improved protection of marine ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102861
Petar Davidović , Dajana Blagojević , Svetlana Fa Nedeljković , Miloš Tanurdžić , Kristina Bekvalac , Ivana Matić , Mihajla Đan , Nebojša Andrić , Jelica Simeunović
Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems pose significant environmental and public health risks, largely due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites. This study investigated the effects of Phormidium nigroviride K3 extracts on early zebrafish development, focusing on organismal toxicity and gene expression changes. Acute toxicity was assessed by monitoring developmental deformities and evaluating relative changes in the expression of six genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and endocrine processes. Whole-genome sequencing, in silico genome annotation and mining were conducted to identify biosynthetic gene clusters involved in toxin production. Zebrafish embryos exposed to P. nigroviride K3 extracts developed spinal deformities, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and reduced eye size, with spinal deformities being the most prevalent malformation (EC50 of 215.6 µg d.w. mL⁻¹). Significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism were detected, including a dose-dependent 4.6-fold induction of cyp1a1 and a 4.47-fold increase in abcb4 expression at the highest extract concentration. Genome analysis of P. nigroviride K3 revealed 15 biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, including a match with the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205 cluster, responsible for the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the production of cylindrospermopsin in P. nigroviride K3, providing new insights into cyanotoxin biosynthesis in Phormidium species, a genus that has been underexplored in the context of toxin production. These findings expand cyanobacterial genomic databases, enhancing our understanding of cyanobacterial toxic potential. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting and mitigating the risks associated with cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Effects of cyanobacterium Phormidium nigroviride K3 on zebrafish embryos and genomic insights into its toxic potential","authors":"Petar Davidović , Dajana Blagojević , Svetlana Fa Nedeljković , Miloš Tanurdžić , Kristina Bekvalac , Ivana Matić , Mihajla Đan , Nebojša Andrić , Jelica Simeunović","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems pose significant environmental and public health risks, largely due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites. This study investigated the effects of <em>Phormidium nigroviride</em> K3 extracts on early zebrafish development, focusing on organismal toxicity and gene expression changes. Acute toxicity was assessed by monitoring developmental deformities and evaluating relative changes in the expression of six genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and endocrine processes. Whole-genome sequencing, <em>in silico</em> genome annotation and mining were conducted to identify biosynthetic gene clusters involved in toxin production. Zebrafish embryos exposed to <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3 extracts developed spinal deformities, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and reduced eye size, with spinal deformities being the most prevalent malformation (EC50 of 215.6 µg d.w. mL⁻¹). Significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism were detected, including a dose-dependent 4.6-fold induction of <em>cyp1a1</em> and a 4.47-fold increase in <em>abcb4</em> expression at the highest extract concentration. Genome analysis of <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3 revealed 15 biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, including a match with the <em>Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii</em> AWT205 cluster, responsible for the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the production of cylindrospermopsin in <em>P. nigroviride</em> K3, providing new insights into cyanotoxin biosynthesis in <em>Phormidium</em> species, a genus that has been underexplored in the context of toxin production. These findings expand cyanobacterial genomic databases, enhancing our understanding of cyanobacterial toxic potential. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting and mitigating the risks associated with cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102859
Manoëlla Sibat , Tepoerau Mai , Nicolas Chomérat , Gwenael Bilien , Korian Lhaute , Philipp Hess , Véronique Séchet , Thierry Jauffrais
Gambierdiscus is known to produce neurotoxins associated with ciguatera poisoning (CP). In New Caledonia (NC), South West Pacific Ocean, there is currently a significant knowledge gap regarding CP and the microalgae linked to this foodborne illness. This study describes a new strain of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, 19PV93, isolated from the west coast of NC. The strain was isolated and cultured for morpho-molecular characterization to determine its phylogenetic position. Toxic activity was assessed using a cell-based assay with neuroblastoma cells (CBA-N2a), and the toxin profile was characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to evaluate potential risks to human health. Regarding the toxin profile, G. polynesiensis was characterized by the presence of gambierone, 44-methylgambierone (44-MeG), and an atypical ciguatoxin profile consisting solely of ciguatoxin-4A (CTX4A) and -4B (CTX4B). This finding confirms intraspecific variations in toxin profiles between strains from different geographic origins. In culture, G. polynesiensis demonstrated a preference for relatively low irradiances (50 to 100 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to the higher light intensities often encountered in their natural environment. The impact of light on toxin concentrations was found to be inversely related to light intensity, with higher quotas observed at lower light levels. Gambierdiscus employed non-photochemical quenching as a photoprotective strategy to safeguard PSII from excessive light, particularly during both short-term and long-term exposure. However, this dissipation strategy alone appears insufficient, as photoinhibition was consistently observed, and the electron transfer rate and yield along the electron transfer chain rapidly declined with increasing light intensity.
{"title":"Gambierdiscus polynesiensis from New Caledonia (South West Pacific Ocean): Morpho-molecular characterization, toxin profile and response to light intensity","authors":"Manoëlla Sibat , Tepoerau Mai , Nicolas Chomérat , Gwenael Bilien , Korian Lhaute , Philipp Hess , Véronique Séchet , Thierry Jauffrais","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Gambierdiscus</em> is known to produce neurotoxins associated with ciguatera poisoning (CP). In New Caledonia (NC), South West Pacific Ocean, there is currently a significant knowledge gap regarding CP and the microalgae linked to this foodborne illness. This study describes a new strain of <em>Gambierdiscus polynesiensis</em>, 19PV93, isolated from the west coast of NC. The strain was isolated and cultured for morpho-molecular characterization to determine its phylogenetic position. Toxic activity was assessed using a cell-based assay with neuroblastoma cells (CBA-N2a), and the toxin profile was characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to evaluate potential risks to human health. Regarding the toxin profile, <em>G. polynesiensis</em> was characterized by the presence of gambierone, 44-methylgambierone (44-MeG), and an atypical ciguatoxin profile consisting solely of ciguatoxin-4A (CTX4A) and -4B (CTX4B). This finding confirms intraspecific variations in toxin profiles between strains from different geographic origins. In culture, <em>G. polynesiensis</em> demonstrated a preference for relatively low irradiances (50 to 100 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to the higher light intensities often encountered in their natural environment. The impact of light on toxin concentrations was found to be inversely related to light intensity, with higher quotas observed at lower light levels. <em>Gambierdiscus</em> employed non-photochemical quenching as a photoprotective strategy to safeguard PSII from excessive light, particularly during both short-term and long-term exposure. However, this dissipation strategy alone appears insufficient, as photoinhibition was consistently observed, and the electron transfer rate and yield along the electron transfer chain rapidly declined with increasing light intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102859"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102860
Marcella Kretz Wallace , Raphael M. Kudela , Christopher J. Gobler
Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems that are an important habitat for bivalves. The freshwater bodies that discharge into estuaries can introduce cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins that may accumulate within food webs. Microcystin is a hepatotoxin that causes adverse health effects in humans and can be harmful to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Microcystin has been detected in marine bivalves and the rate of microcystin accumulation and depuration differs between bivalve species. No study has explored the presence or dynamics of microcystins in bivalves in the Northeast US, where they represent a major fishery. This study quantified levels of microcystins in wild and cultured bivalves as a time series from 2017 to 2021 in three of the largest US East Coast estuaries (Chesapeake Bay, the Hudson River Estuary, and Long Island Sound) that have hosted microcystin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) within their watersheds. During this study, microcystins were rarely detected in bivalves across Chesapeake Bay but were commonly quantified in multiple bivalve species in the Hudson River estuary and within two harbors of Long Island Sound, Stony Brook Harbor and Conscience Bay. Microcystins were detected in clams (Mercenaria mercenaria and Corbicula fluminea), Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mussels (Mytilus edulis and Geukensia demissa). Eastern oysters (C. virginica) had significantly higher levels of microcystin than other bivalve species (p < 0.05) and often contained microcystin even when other bivalves sampled concurrently did not, suggesting oysters may be a vector for hepatotoxic shellfish poisoning in estuaries. Microcystins were detected in oysters even in fall months after water column cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins had decreased to low levels, suggesting toxin depuration slows during colder months. Collectively, this study demonstrates that microcystin accumulation in estuarine bivalves, particularly Eastern oysters (C. virginica), occurs within several of the larger US East Coast estuaries and could represent a public health risk.
{"title":"Microcystin contamination of shellfish along the freshwater-to-marine continuum within US mid-Atlantic and Northeast estuaries","authors":"Marcella Kretz Wallace , Raphael M. Kudela , Christopher J. Gobler","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems that are an important habitat for bivalves. The freshwater bodies that discharge into estuaries can introduce cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins that may accumulate within food webs. Microcystin is a hepatotoxin that causes adverse health effects in humans and can be harmful to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Microcystin has been detected in marine bivalves and the rate of microcystin accumulation and depuration differs between bivalve species. No study has explored the presence or dynamics of microcystins in bivalves in the Northeast US, where they represent a major fishery. This study quantified levels of microcystins in wild and cultured bivalves as a time series from 2017 to 2021 in three of the largest US East Coast estuaries (Chesapeake Bay, the Hudson River Estuary, and Long Island Sound) that have hosted microcystin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) within their watersheds. During this study, microcystins were rarely detected in bivalves across Chesapeake Bay but were commonly quantified in multiple bivalve species in the Hudson River estuary and within two harbors of Long Island Sound, Stony Brook Harbor and Conscience Bay. Microcystins were detected in clams (<em>Mercenaria mercenaria</em> and <em>Corbicula fluminea</em>), Eastern oysters (<em>Crassostrea virginica</em>), and mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis</em> and <em>Geukensia demissa</em>). Eastern oysters (<em>C. virginica</em>) had significantly higher levels of microcystin than other bivalve species <em>(p</em> < 0.05) and often contained microcystin even when other bivalves sampled concurrently did not, suggesting oysters may be a vector for hepatotoxic shellfish poisoning in estuaries. Microcystins were detected in oysters even in fall months after water column cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins had decreased to low levels, suggesting toxin depuration slows during colder months. Collectively, this study demonstrates that microcystin accumulation in estuarine bivalves, particularly Eastern oysters (<em>C. virginica</em>), occurs within several of the larger US East Coast estuaries and could represent a public health risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102845
Wee Vian Low , Li Zhang , Pengbin Wang , Pengfei Zheng , Xi Yang , Lu Lu , Junjie Zheng , Zuhao Zhu , Jie Chen , Mengmeng Tong
Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are persistent, bioaccumulative metabolites that pose significant threats to marine biodiversity and seafood safety. To comprehensively understand LMATs pollution in offshore natural fishing grounds, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and composition of 13 LMATs in surface seawater in Beibu Gulf's offshore area, along with their key influencing factors and latitudinal variations across coastal regions in China. We detected 20-methyl spirolide G (SPX20G) for the first time in coastal waters in China, alongside other frequently detected LMATs, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1). Significant seasonal variations were observed, with summer exhibiting eight LMAT types and higher total LMAT concentrations (ΣLMATs) (16.92 ± 20.45 ng/L) compared to winter's five LMAT types and ΣLMATs concentrations at 5.63 ± 3.30 ng/L. Predominant PTX2 and OA concentrations showed a decreasing trend from northern to southern Beibu Gulf, while other LMATs were distributed in patches, particularly in summer. Notably, cyclic imines (GYM and SPX1) were detected with high frequencies and concentrations, underscoring the need for their monitoring. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses identified water depth, chlorophyll a (Chla), temperature, salinity, nutrients (DIN:DIP and SiO₃²⁻), and dissolved oxygen (DO) as key factors influencing LMATs distribution in the Beibu Gulf. Latitudinal analysis of LMAT contents across Chinese waters revealed DTX1 as more prevalent at higher latitudes, and GYM, SPX1, and AZA1 more common at lower latitudes, while ΣLMATs concentrations from this study ranked at moderate to high levels compared to other regions. Therefore, special attention is required for LMATs pollution in offshore fishing areas.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal distribution, composition, and influencing factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins in the Beibu Gulf, China: Implications for necessity of offshore seawater monitoring","authors":"Wee Vian Low , Li Zhang , Pengbin Wang , Pengfei Zheng , Xi Yang , Lu Lu , Junjie Zheng , Zuhao Zhu , Jie Chen , Mengmeng Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are persistent, bioaccumulative metabolites that pose significant threats to marine biodiversity and seafood safety. To comprehensively understand LMATs pollution in offshore natural fishing grounds, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and composition of 13 LMATs in surface seawater in Beibu Gulf's offshore area, along with their key influencing factors and latitudinal variations across coastal regions in China. We detected 20-methyl spirolide G (SPX20G) for the first time in coastal waters in China, alongside other frequently detected LMATs, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1). Significant seasonal variations were observed, with summer exhibiting eight LMAT types and higher total LMAT concentrations (ΣLMATs) (16.92 ± 20.45 ng/L) compared to winter's five LMAT types and ΣLMATs concentrations at 5.63 ± 3.30 ng/L. Predominant PTX2 and OA concentrations showed a decreasing trend from northern to southern Beibu Gulf, while other LMATs were distributed in patches, particularly in summer. Notably, cyclic imines (GYM and SPX1) were detected with high frequencies and concentrations, underscoring the need for their monitoring. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses identified water depth, chlorophyll <em>a</em> (Chl<em>a</em>), temperature, salinity, nutrients (DIN:DIP and SiO₃²⁻), and dissolved oxygen (DO) as key factors influencing LMATs distribution in the Beibu Gulf. Latitudinal analysis of LMAT contents across Chinese waters revealed DTX1 as more prevalent at higher latitudes, and GYM, SPX1, and AZA1 more common at lower latitudes, while ΣLMATs concentrations from this study ranked at moderate to high levels compared to other regions. Therefore, special attention is required for LMATs pollution in offshore fishing areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102845"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102857
Cora Hoerstmann , Per Juel Hansen , Nina Lundholm , Bernd Krock , Uwe John
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) increasingly affect Arctic coastal ecosystems, due to hydrographic and bathymetric conditions that support the accumulation of cells and cysts, and coupled with increasing temperatures, extensive bloom events can be easily triggered. However, various harmful algae species have been reported in the past and it is unclear which are most threatening in Greenlandic waters, a region that vitally depend on its fisheries. Here, we explore the diversity and succession of harmful algae by metabarcoding at a multi-year station in Greenlandic coastal waters, offering a comprehensive analysis of species dynamics over time. Dinoflagellates, diatoms and haptophytes, known for their toxin production and potential negative effects on ecosystems and food webs, were regularly detected across years and throughout all sampled months. Yet, results also indicate significant interannual variability in harmful algal occurrences, with high abundances of Alexandrium and increasing abundances of Aureococcus, Prymnesium, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Through a boosted regression tree analysis of the ecological drivers of HABs in Arctic waters, we identified an important role of climate-induced environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, and the number of ice-free days year-1. These findings provide critical baseline data for understanding the future risks of HABs in the Arctic and underscore the importance of ongoing, high-resolution monitoring.
{"title":"Multi-year dynamics of harmful algae in Disko Bay, West Greenland","authors":"Cora Hoerstmann , Per Juel Hansen , Nina Lundholm , Bernd Krock , Uwe John","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) increasingly affect Arctic coastal ecosystems, due to hydrographic and bathymetric conditions that support the accumulation of cells and cysts, and coupled with increasing temperatures, extensive bloom events can be easily triggered. However, various harmful algae species have been reported in the past and it is unclear which are most threatening in Greenlandic waters, a region that vitally depend on its fisheries. Here, we explore the diversity and succession of harmful algae by metabarcoding at a multi-year station in Greenlandic coastal waters, offering a comprehensive analysis of species dynamics over time. Dinoflagellates, diatoms and haptophytes, known for their toxin production and potential negative effects on ecosystems and food webs, were regularly detected across years and throughout all sampled months. Yet, results also indicate significant interannual variability in harmful algal occurrences, with high abundances of <em>Alexandrium</em> and increasing abundances of <em>Aureococcus, Prymnesium</em>, and <em>Pseudo-nitzschia.</em> Through a boosted regression tree analysis of the ecological drivers of HABs in Arctic waters, we identified an important role of climate-induced environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, and the number of ice-free days year<sup>-1</sup>. These findings provide critical baseline data for understanding the future risks of HABs in the Arctic and underscore the importance of ongoing, high-resolution monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102854
Andrew R.S. Ross , Béatrice Ip , Mackenzie Mueller , Blair Surridge , Harry Hartmann , Navinder Hundal , Nathan Matthews , Hayleigh Shannon , Melissa Hennekes , Akash Sastri , R. Ian Perry
Harmful algae are present in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada yet little is known about the spatial and temporal distributions of the biotoxins produced by these organisms. We describe a method for profiling dissolved and particulate algal biotoxins in sea water including those associated with amnesic, paralytic, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (ASP, PSP and DSP). Surface sea water was filtered and biotoxins recovered from filters and filtrate using solvent extraction and solid phase extraction, respectively. Extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for ASP and PSP toxins and reversed-phased liquid chromatography for DSP and other lipophilic toxins. The method was applied to samples collected in the northern Salish Sea in April, June and October 2022. Highest total concentrations of domoic acid and saxitoxin were found above a shallow sill in the eastern Juan de Fuca Strait whereas those of dinophysistoxin 1, pectenotoxin 2, yessotoxin, and PSP toxins C1 and C2 were measured near the southern end of Malaspina Strait. These maximum concentrations were observed in June when surface salinity was lowest, temperature highest, and harmful algae most abundant, as reflected in the relative high proportion of particulate biotoxins. In contrast, the high proportion of dissolved biotoxins observed in April when temperature and algal abundance were relatively low suggests that certain biotoxins may persist in surface waters and that the risk of biotoxin exposure does not necessarily correlate with the abundance of harmful algae.
{"title":"Seasonal monitoring of dissolved and particulate algal biotoxins in the northern Salish Sea using high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry","authors":"Andrew R.S. Ross , Béatrice Ip , Mackenzie Mueller , Blair Surridge , Harry Hartmann , Navinder Hundal , Nathan Matthews , Hayleigh Shannon , Melissa Hennekes , Akash Sastri , R. Ian Perry","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harmful algae are present in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada yet little is known about the spatial and temporal distributions of the biotoxins produced by these organisms. We describe a method for profiling dissolved and particulate algal biotoxins in sea water including those associated with amnesic, paralytic, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (ASP, PSP and DSP). Surface sea water was filtered and biotoxins recovered from filters and filtrate using solvent extraction and solid phase extraction, respectively. Extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for ASP and PSP toxins and reversed-phased liquid chromatography for DSP and other lipophilic toxins. The method was applied to samples collected in the northern Salish Sea in April, June and October 2022. Highest total concentrations of domoic acid and saxitoxin were found above a shallow sill in the eastern Juan de Fuca Strait whereas those of dinophysistoxin 1, pectenotoxin 2, yessotoxin, and PSP toxins C1 and C2 were measured near the southern end of Malaspina Strait. These maximum concentrations were observed in June when surface salinity was lowest, temperature highest, and harmful algae most abundant, as reflected in the relative high proportion of particulate biotoxins. In contrast, the high proportion of dissolved biotoxins observed in April when temperature and algal abundance were relatively low suggests that certain biotoxins may persist in surface waters and that the risk of biotoxin exposure does not necessarily correlate with the abundance of harmful algae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102847
Qiuqi Lin, Xiao Xiao, Xuxin Feng, Lamei Lei
Diaphanosoma, so-called ‘tropical Daphnia’ are widely distributed in warm waterbodies with Microcystis blooms, and are supposed to have high level of tolerance to Microcystis. However, expanding filamentous cyanobacterium, Raphidiopsis raciborskii is increasingly replacing Microcystis, or becoming co-dominant in warm eutrophic waterbodies. Whether previous experience with Microcystis can facilitate adaptation of Diaphanosoma to R. raciborskii or a shift in cyanobacteria assemblage from Microcystis to R. raciborskii will reduce their tolerance to cyanobacteria is debated. We address this question by investigating the performance of fourteen clones from three Diaphanosoma dubium populations differing in cyanobacteria exposure history. They were fed pure diets of cylindrospermopsin-/non-cylindrospermopsin-producing R. raciborskii, microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa and green alga Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. The three cyanobacteria all sustained the growth and reproduction of three D. dubium populations, and both somatic and population growth rates increased with dietary PUFA content for each clone, irrespective of manageability and toxicity. Clones with cyanobacteria exposure history have much better performance than those without exposure history on all food types. Moreover, clones with Microcystis exposure history for >40 years, performed better on all food types than clones with R. raciborskii exposure history for <10 years. The results suggest that D. dubium population with much longer bloom exposure history may adapt to being more tolerant of toxic cyanobacteria in the diet. We infer that previous Microcystis exposure experience might facilitate adaptation of D. dubium to R. raciborskii by enhancing their ability to cope with nutritional constraint and toxicity.
{"title":"Does Microcystis exposure history facilitate adaptation of Diaphanosoma dubium to expanding filamentous cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii?","authors":"Qiuqi Lin, Xiao Xiao, Xuxin Feng, Lamei Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hal.2025.102847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Diaphanosoma</em>, so-called ‘tropical <em>Daphnia</em>’ are widely distributed in warm waterbodies with <em>Microcystis</em> blooms, and are supposed to have high level of tolerance to <em>Microcystis</em>. However, expanding filamentous cyanobacterium, <em>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</em> is increasingly replacing <em>Microcystis</em>, or becoming co-dominant in warm eutrophic waterbodies. Whether previous experience with <em>Microcystis</em> can facilitate adaptation of <em>Diaphanosoma</em> to <em>R. raciborskii</em> or a shift in cyanobacteria assemblage from <em>Microcystis</em> to <em>R. raciborskii</em> will reduce their tolerance to cyanobacteria is debated. We address this question by investigating the performance of fourteen clones from three <em>Diaphanosoma dubium</em> populations differing in cyanobacteria exposure history. They were fed pure diets of cylindrospermopsin-/non-cylindrospermopsin-producing <em>R. raciborskii</em>, microcystin-producing <em>Microcystis aeruginosa</em> and green alga <em>Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa</em>. The three cyanobacteria all sustained the growth and reproduction of three <em>D. dubium</em> populations, and both somatic and population growth rates increased with dietary PUFA content for each clone, irrespective of manageability and toxicity. Clones with cyanobacteria exposure history have much better performance than those without exposure history on all food types. Moreover, clones with <em>Microcystis</em> exposure history for >40 years, performed better on all food types than clones with <em>R. raciborskii</em> exposure history for <10 years. The results suggest that <em>D. dubium</em> population with much longer bloom exposure history may adapt to being more tolerant of toxic cyanobacteria in the diet. We infer that previous <em>Microcystis</em> exposure experience might facilitate adaptation of <em>D. dubium</em> to <em>R. raciborskii</em> by enhancing their ability to cope with nutritional constraint and toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12897,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algae","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 102847"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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