Single Sideband Noise Shaping for All-Digital Delta-Sigma OFDM Backscatter Modulators

IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC IEEE journal of radio frequency identification Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI:10.1109/JRFID.2024.3394062
James D. Rosenthal;Matthew S. Reynolds
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Abstract

Delta-sigma modulation (DSM) enables the use of all-digital switched impedance modulators to generate arbitrary backscatter signals. For example, a DSM-based backscatter modulator having only two or four impedance states can generate quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with e.g., 64 states, or multicarrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals having many subcarriers. This paper describes potential improvements to in-channel spectral characteristics by adding single sideband (SSB) and double sideband (DSB) noise shaping to the DSM signal path. Using numerical simulation and hardware validation, we demonstrate that noise-shaped DSM can improve the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of OFDM subcarriers generated by a low-resolution two-state or four-state impedance digital-to-analog converter. The noise shaping approaches are validated using a prototype OFDM backscatter uplink based on an FPGA driving a single-pole-four-throw (SP4T) CMOS RF switch that serves as the backscatter modulator. The SSB and DSB noise shaping techniques are compared by over-the-air transmission of five-subcarrier OFDM backscatter symbols with a four-times oversampling DSM at up to 1.25 Mbps. With this approach, we find that DSB noise shaping yielded a 6.2 dB improvement in SFDR relative to SSB noise shaping, at the cost of 9.8 dB higher peak out-of-band quantization noise. These results confirm that an all-digital modulation approach with noise-shaped DSM can be used to balance in-band vs. out-of-band quantization noise and thus optimize the spectral characteristics of hardware-efficient, all-digital backscatter modulators for low-power wireless communication.
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全数字三角积分 OFDM 反向散射调制器的单边带噪声整形
Δ-Σ调制(DSM)使全数字开关阻抗调制器能够产生任意的反向散射信号。例如,基于 DSM 的反向散射调制器只有两个或四个阻抗状态,可产生 64 个状态的正交振幅调制 (QAM) 或具有多个子载波的多载波正交频分复用 (OFDM) 信号。本文介绍了通过在 DSM 信号路径中添加单边带(SSB)和双边带(DSB)噪声整形来改善信道内频谱特性的可能性。通过数值模拟和硬件验证,我们证明了噪声整形 DSM 可以改善由低分辨率二态或四态阻抗数模转换器生成的 OFDM 子载波的无杂散动态范围 (SFDR)。利用基于 FPGA 的原型 OFDM 后向散射上行链路验证了噪声整形方法,FPGA 驱动单刀四掷 (SP4T) CMOS 射频开关作为后向散射调制器。通过空中传输五子载波 OFDM 后向散射符号与四倍超采样 DSM(最高 1.25 Mbps),比较了 SSB 和 DSB 噪声整形技术。通过这种方法,我们发现与 SSB 噪声整形相比,DSB 噪声整形的 SFDR 提高了 6.2 dB,但带外量化噪声峰值却提高了 9.8 dB。这些结果证实,采用噪声整形 DSM 的全数字调制方法可用于平衡带内与带外量化噪声,从而优化用于低功耗无线通信的硬件高效全数字反向散射调制器的频谱特性。
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