{"title":"The Collatz Conjecture & Non-Archimedean Spectral Theory - Part I - Arithmetic Dynamical Systems and Non-Archimedean Value Distribution Theory","authors":"Maxwell C. Siegel","doi":"10.1134/s2070046624020055","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p> Let <span>\\(q\\)</span> be an odd prime, and let <span>\\(T_{q}:\\mathbb{Z}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{Z}\\)</span> be the Shortened <span>\\(qx+1\\)</span> map, defined by <span>\\(T_{q}\\left(n\\right)=n/2\\)</span> if <span>\\(n\\)</span> is even and <span>\\(T_{q}\\left(n\\right)=\\left(qn+1\\right)/2\\)</span> if <span>\\(n\\)</span> is odd. The study of the dynamics of these maps is infamous for its difficulty, with the characterization of the dynamics of <span>\\(T_{3}\\)</span> being an alternative formulation of the famous <b>Collatz Conjecture</b>. This series of papers presents a new paradigm for studying such arithmetic dynamical systems by way of a neglected area of ultrametric analysis which we have termed <span>\\(\\left(p,q\\right)\\)</span><b>-adic analysis</b>, the study of functions from the <span>\\(p\\)</span>-adics to the <span>\\(q\\)</span>-adics, where <span>\\(p\\)</span> and <span>\\(q\\)</span> are distinct primes. In this, the first paper, working with the <span>\\(T_{q}\\)</span> maps as a toy model for the more general theory, for each odd prime <span>\\(q\\)</span>, we construct a function <span>\\(\\chi_{q}:\\mathbb{Z}_{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{Z}_{q}\\)</span> (the <b>Numen </b>of <span>\\(T_{q}\\)</span>) and prove the <b>Correspondence Principle</b> (CP): <span>\\(x\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\backslash\\left\\{ 0\\right\\} \\)</span> is a periodic point of <span>\\(T_{q}\\)</span> if and only there is a <span>\\(\\mathfrak{z}\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{2}\\backslash\\left\\{ 0,1,2,\\ldots\\right\\} \\)</span> so that <span>\\(\\chi_{q}\\left(\\mathfrak{z}\\right)=x\\)</span>. Additionally, if <span>\\(\\mathfrak{z}\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{2}\\backslash\\mathbb{Q}\\)</span> makes <span>\\(\\chi_{q}\\left(\\mathfrak{z}\\right)\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\)</span>, then the iterates of <span>\\(\\chi_{q}\\left(\\mathfrak{z}\\right)\\)</span> under <span>\\(T_{q}\\)</span> tend to <span>\\(+\\infty\\)</span> or <span>\\(-\\infty\\)</span>. </p>","PeriodicalId":44654,"journal":{"name":"P-Adic Numbers Ultrametric Analysis and Applications","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"P-Adic Numbers Ultrametric Analysis and Applications","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s2070046624020055","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Let \(q\) be an odd prime, and let \(T_{q}:\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}\) be the Shortened \(qx+1\) map, defined by \(T_{q}\left(n\right)=n/2\) if \(n\) is even and \(T_{q}\left(n\right)=\left(qn+1\right)/2\) if \(n\) is odd. The study of the dynamics of these maps is infamous for its difficulty, with the characterization of the dynamics of \(T_{3}\) being an alternative formulation of the famous Collatz Conjecture. This series of papers presents a new paradigm for studying such arithmetic dynamical systems by way of a neglected area of ultrametric analysis which we have termed \(\left(p,q\right)\)-adic analysis, the study of functions from the \(p\)-adics to the \(q\)-adics, where \(p\) and \(q\) are distinct primes. In this, the first paper, working with the \(T_{q}\) maps as a toy model for the more general theory, for each odd prime \(q\), we construct a function \(\chi_{q}:\mathbb{Z}_{2}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}_{q}\) (the Numen of \(T_{q}\)) and prove the Correspondence Principle (CP): \(x\in\mathbb{Z}\backslash\left\{ 0\right\} \) is a periodic point of \(T_{q}\) if and only there is a \(\mathfrak{z}\in\mathbb{Z}_{2}\backslash\left\{ 0,1,2,\ldots\right\} \) so that \(\chi_{q}\left(\mathfrak{z}\right)=x\). Additionally, if \(\mathfrak{z}\in\mathbb{Z}_{2}\backslash\mathbb{Q}\) makes \(\chi_{q}\left(\mathfrak{z}\right)\in\mathbb{Z}\), then the iterates of \(\chi_{q}\left(\mathfrak{z}\right)\) under \(T_{q}\) tend to \(+\infty\) or \(-\infty\).
期刊介绍:
This is a new international interdisciplinary journal which contains original articles, short communications, and reviews on progress in various areas of pure and applied mathematics related with p-adic, adelic and ultrametric methods, including: mathematical physics, quantum theory, string theory, cosmology, nanoscience, life sciences; mathematical analysis, number theory, algebraic geometry, non-Archimedean and non-commutative geometry, theory of finite fields and rings, representation theory, functional analysis and graph theory; classical and quantum information, computer science, cryptography, image analysis, cognitive models, neural networks and bioinformatics; complex systems, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, hierarchy structures, modeling, control theory, economics and sociology; mesoscopic and nano systems, disordered and chaotic systems, spin glasses, macromolecules, molecular dynamics, biopolymers, genomics and biology; and other related fields.