Synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones by indium sulfide nanoparticles as green an efficient and reusable catalyst under solvent-free condition

Abstract

In this work, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones are effectively synthesized without the need for solvents and in an environmentally safe manner by the use of indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticle as a catalyst. Indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transition electron microscopy (TEM) were among the techniques used to characterize indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles. The synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones was achieved in a single pot using a three-component reaction involving β-naphthol, dimedone, and aryl aldehyde. The resultant indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles were produced without the need for a solvent and exhibited remarkable yields, as well as quick reaction times and reusable catalysts.