How three-dimensional forest structure regulates the amount and timing of snowmelt across a climatic gradient of snow persistence

Abstract

Across the western United States, forests are changing rapidly, with uncertain impacts on snowmelt water resources. Snow partitioning is controlled by forest effects on interception, radiation, and sublimation. Yet, models often lack snow measurements with sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution across gradients of forest structure to accurately represent these fine-scale processes. Here, we utilize four Snowtography stations in Arizona, in the lower Colorado River Basin, with daily measurements over 3–5 years at ~110 positions distributed across gradients of forest structure resulting from wildfires and mechanical thinning. We combine Snowtography with lidar snapshots of forest and snow to train a high-resolution snow model and run it for 6 years to quantify how forest structure regulates snowpack and snowmelt. These study sites represent a climate gradient from lower/warmer ephemeral snowpack (~2,100 m asl) to higher/colder seasonal snowpack (~2,800 m asl). Forest cover reduced snowpack and snowmelt through canopy sublimation. Forest advanced snowmelt timing at lower/warmer sites but delayed it at higher/colder sites. Within canopy gaps, shaded cool edges had the greatest peak snow water equivalent (SWE). Surprisingly, sunny/warm gap edges produced more snowmelt than cool edges, because high radiation melted snow quickly, reducing exposure to sublimation. Therefore, peak SWE is not an ideal proxy for snowmelt volume from ephemeral snowpacks, which are becoming more prevalent due to warming. The results imply that forest management can influence the amount and timing of snowmelt, and that there may be decision trade-offs between enhancing forest resilience through delayed snowmelt and maximizing snowmelt volumes for downstream water resources.