Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1388465
Melissa Schlegel, Jennifer Souza, S. Warix, Erin M. Murray, S. Godsey, M. Seyfried, Zane K. Cram, K. Lohse
Using hydrochemical and isotopic compositions of springs and wells, we trace carbon from critical zone carbon dioxide (CO2) into groundwater of the semi-arid Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed - Critical Zone Observatory, southwestern Idaho, USA. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, pH and stable isotope tracers of carbon for DIC (δ13CDIC), are used to show that most groundwater evolves under open system conditions, moving carbon into the groundwater and acting as a carbon sink. However, one sample (−10.94‰ δ13CDIC, 6,350 14C years before present (yrs. BP)) may have evolved under closed system conditions with a higher partial pressure of critical zone CO2 than present-day soils. By characterizing the carbon cycle, we show that (1) carbon evolution is primarily under open-system conditions, (2) shallow groundwater samples are generally less mixed and more recent (10 to 70 3H yrs. BP) than deeper groundwater samples (1,469 to 6,350 14C yrs. BP), and (3) the older portion of the groundwater may be even older than the calculated 14C ages, as indicated by the mixing of age tracers in intermediate wells. Our global conception of the deep critical zone should include carbon cycling of critical zone CO2 in old groundwater. Characterizing the deep critical zone in a semi-arid weathered silicate watershed improves our global understanding of carbon, nutrient and water cycling.
{"title":"Carbon evolution and mixing effects on groundwater age calculations in fractured basalt, southwestern Idaho, U.S.A.","authors":"Melissa Schlegel, Jennifer Souza, S. Warix, Erin M. Murray, S. Godsey, M. Seyfried, Zane K. Cram, K. Lohse","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1388465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1388465","url":null,"abstract":"Using hydrochemical and isotopic compositions of springs and wells, we trace carbon from critical zone carbon dioxide (CO2) into groundwater of the semi-arid Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed - Critical Zone Observatory, southwestern Idaho, USA. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, pH and stable isotope tracers of carbon for DIC (δ13CDIC), are used to show that most groundwater evolves under open system conditions, moving carbon into the groundwater and acting as a carbon sink. However, one sample (−10.94‰ δ13CDIC, 6,350 14C years before present (yrs. BP)) may have evolved under closed system conditions with a higher partial pressure of critical zone CO2 than present-day soils. By characterizing the carbon cycle, we show that (1) carbon evolution is primarily under open-system conditions, (2) shallow groundwater samples are generally less mixed and more recent (10 to 70 3H yrs. BP) than deeper groundwater samples (1,469 to 6,350 14C yrs. BP), and (3) the older portion of the groundwater may be even older than the calculated 14C ages, as indicated by the mixing of age tracers in intermediate wells. Our global conception of the deep critical zone should include carbon cycling of critical zone CO2 in old groundwater. Characterizing the deep critical zone in a semi-arid weathered silicate watershed improves our global understanding of carbon, nutrient and water cycling.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141644308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1397615
Michael Schramm, Duncan Kikoyo, Janelle Wright, Shubham Jain
Best management practices (BMPs) are important tools for mitigating the impact of non-point source pollutants on water quality. Drivers of the high variance observed in BMP performance field tests are not well documented and present challenges for planning BMP construction and forecasting water quality improvements.We conducted a systematic review of published nonpoint source water quality BMP studies conducted in the United States and used a meta-analysis approach to describe variance in pollutant removal performance. We used meta-regression to explore how much BMP pollutant removal process, influent pollutant concentration, and aridity effected BMP performance.Despite high variance, we found the BMPs on average were effective at reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations. We found that influent concentration and interaction effect between the BMP pollutant removal process and aridity explained a substantial amount of variance in BMP performance in FIB removal. Influent concentration explained a small amount of variability in BMP removal of TP and orthophosphate (PO4). We did not find evidence that any of our chosen variables moderated BMP performance in nitrogen or TSS removal. Through our systematic review, we found inadequate spatial representation of BMP studies to capture the underlying variability in climate, soil, and other conditions that could impact BMP performance.
{"title":"A meta-analysis of the impacts of best management practices on nonpoint source pollutant concentration","authors":"Michael Schramm, Duncan Kikoyo, Janelle Wright, Shubham Jain","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1397615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1397615","url":null,"abstract":"Best management practices (BMPs) are important tools for mitigating the impact of non-point source pollutants on water quality. Drivers of the high variance observed in BMP performance field tests are not well documented and present challenges for planning BMP construction and forecasting water quality improvements.We conducted a systematic review of published nonpoint source water quality BMP studies conducted in the United States and used a meta-analysis approach to describe variance in pollutant removal performance. We used meta-regression to explore how much BMP pollutant removal process, influent pollutant concentration, and aridity effected BMP performance.Despite high variance, we found the BMPs on average were effective at reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations. We found that influent concentration and interaction effect between the BMP pollutant removal process and aridity explained a substantial amount of variance in BMP performance in FIB removal. Influent concentration explained a small amount of variability in BMP removal of TP and orthophosphate (PO4). We did not find evidence that any of our chosen variables moderated BMP performance in nitrogen or TSS removal. Through our systematic review, we found inadequate spatial representation of BMP studies to capture the underlying variability in climate, soil, and other conditions that could impact BMP performance.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates quantifiable and explicable changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) within the context of a freshwater wetland, Hakaluki Haor, in Bangladesh. The haor is a vital RAMSAR site and Ecologically Critical Area (ECA), which needs to be monitored to investigate LULC change patterns for future management interventions. Leveraging Landsat satellite data, the Google Earth Engine Database, CART algorithm, ArcGIS 10.8 and the R programming language, this study analyses LULC dynamics from 2000 to 2023. It focuses explicitly on seasonal transitions between the rainy and dry seasons, unveiling substantial transformations in cumulative LULC change patterns over the study period. Noteworthy changes include an overall reduction (~51%) in Water Bodies. Concurrently, there is a significant increase (~353%) in Settlement areas. Moreover, vegetation substantially declines (71%), while Crop Land demonstrates varying coverage. These identified changes underscore the dynamic nature of LULC alterations and their potential implications for the environmental, hydrological, and agricultural aspects within the Hakaluki Haor region. The outcomes of this study aim to provide valuable insights to policymakers for formulating appropriate land-use strategies in the area.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of land use and land cover changes in a wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh using a machine-learning approach","authors":"Abu Bokkar Siddique, Eliyas Rayhan, Faisal Sobhan, Nabanita Das, Md Azizul Fazal, Shashowti Chowdhury Riya, Subrata Sarker","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1394863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1394863","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates quantifiable and explicable changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) within the context of a freshwater wetland, Hakaluki Haor, in Bangladesh. The haor is a vital RAMSAR site and Ecologically Critical Area (ECA), which needs to be monitored to investigate LULC change patterns for future management interventions. Leveraging Landsat satellite data, the Google Earth Engine Database, CART algorithm, ArcGIS 10.8 and the R programming language, this study analyses LULC dynamics from 2000 to 2023. It focuses explicitly on seasonal transitions between the rainy and dry seasons, unveiling substantial transformations in cumulative LULC change patterns over the study period. Noteworthy changes include an overall reduction (~51%) in Water Bodies. Concurrently, there is a significant increase (~353%) in Settlement areas. Moreover, vegetation substantially declines (71%), while Crop Land demonstrates varying coverage. These identified changes underscore the dynamic nature of LULC alterations and their potential implications for the environmental, hydrological, and agricultural aspects within the Hakaluki Haor region. The outcomes of this study aim to provide valuable insights to policymakers for formulating appropriate land-use strategies in the area.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1296262
P. Prasad, A. Duker, Diego Zuluaga Velasquez, Moline Chauruka, B. M. Karimba, Charlotte de Fraiture, Emmanuel Manzungu, Pieter van der Zaag
Conventional approaches to irrigation development involve large lumpsum investments in big infrastructure that cannot adapt to changing climate and socio-economic conditions. There is an urgent need for alternative ways of investing in smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that are adaptive and avoid capital lock-in. Adaptive Investment Pathways (AdIP), inspired by the Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) concept, proposes stepwise investments to support smallholder irrigation development. AdIP builds resilience to future shocks through dynamic and flexible investment plans instead of investing in single static solutions. To develop an empirical grounding for operationalizing AdIP, we draw lessons from three case studies representing different stages of irrigation development along shallow sand river aquifers in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We retrospectively analyse the nature of investments at farm and landscape scales, and the type of risks and opportunities that farmers respond to. We find that in face of risks, farmers diversify their livelihoods, make small investments incrementally especially in response to opportunities and risks created by external triggers, and pause or reorient activity when they reach saturation points, i.e., biophysical or socio-political limits to their development objective, here irrigation development. Governments and external agencies can support smallholder irrigation development in SSA through targeted landscape scale investments that address saturation points faced by smallholders. This requires a robust participatory monitoring framework to identify and respond to saturation points, and a re-thinking of financing mechanisms which do not measure progress against a fixed schedule of investments, but instead measure continuous progress towards the development objective.
{"title":"From few large to many small investments: lessons for adaptive irrigation development in an uncertain world","authors":"P. Prasad, A. Duker, Diego Zuluaga Velasquez, Moline Chauruka, B. M. Karimba, Charlotte de Fraiture, Emmanuel Manzungu, Pieter van der Zaag","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1296262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1296262","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional approaches to irrigation development involve large lumpsum investments in big infrastructure that cannot adapt to changing climate and socio-economic conditions. There is an urgent need for alternative ways of investing in smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that are adaptive and avoid capital lock-in. Adaptive Investment Pathways (AdIP), inspired by the Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) concept, proposes stepwise investments to support smallholder irrigation development. AdIP builds resilience to future shocks through dynamic and flexible investment plans instead of investing in single static solutions. To develop an empirical grounding for operationalizing AdIP, we draw lessons from three case studies representing different stages of irrigation development along shallow sand river aquifers in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We retrospectively analyse the nature of investments at farm and landscape scales, and the type of risks and opportunities that farmers respond to. We find that in face of risks, farmers diversify their livelihoods, make small investments incrementally especially in response to opportunities and risks created by external triggers, and pause or reorient activity when they reach saturation points, i.e., biophysical or socio-political limits to their development objective, here irrigation development. Governments and external agencies can support smallholder irrigation development in SSA through targeted landscape scale investments that address saturation points faced by smallholders. This requires a robust participatory monitoring framework to identify and respond to saturation points, and a re-thinking of financing mechanisms which do not measure progress against a fixed schedule of investments, but instead measure continuous progress towards the development objective.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1349331
Ruth Amaabadek Atengdem, Seth Mensah Abobi, E. H. Alhassan
Access to improved water and sanitation is a major conduit to meeting global development goals. This has resulted in the proliferation of various improved water and sanitation interventions in most communities of the world. Little evidence, however, exists in Ghana to reveal the extent to which these interventions are being adopted and sustained by the communities they are intended to benefit. This study, therefore, sought to assess the adoption of water and sanitation interventions and their sustainability. The mixed method approach, guided by the concurrent mixed method design was implemented in the Bongo District. Quantitative data were obtained from 389 sampled households in the District with the aid of a survey. Thereafter, univariate and bivariate statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data with the aid of STATA version 15. The qualitative data on the other hand was collected from officials of the District Water and Sanitation Management Team (DWSMT) and members of the water and sanitation management committees at the community level through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The qualitative data was analyzed manually using thematic analysis. The study found a high adoption rate of both water and sanitation interventions in the Bongo District. The household demographic characteristics that were found to have a strong positive association with the adoption of improved water or sanitation interventions included the sex of household head, age, level of education and household size among others. Major factors influencing the adoption of water and sanitation interventions found included the knowledge of the derived benefits of the facilities and education on the use of the facilities. The study also found that as part of activities geared towards sustainability, most community members were involved in deciding the appropriateness of these water and sanitation facilities; siting of the facilities; and cash contributions. The study, therefore, concludes that the extent of adoption of water and sanitation in the Bongo District is relatively high and communities were involved to some extent to engender the sustainability of the facilities.
获得经改善的水和卫生设施是实现全球发展目标的主要途径。因此，世界上大多数社区都采取了各种改善水和卫生设施的干预措施。然而，在加纳，几乎没有证据表明这些干预措施在多大程度上得到了它们想要惠及的社区的采用和维持。因此，本研究试图评估水和卫生设施干预措施的采用情况及其可持续性。在邦戈区采用了以并行混合方法设计为指导的混合方法。通过调查从该地区的 389 个抽样家庭获得了定量数据。之后，利用 STATA 15 版对定量数据进行了单变量和双变量统计分析。另一方面，定性数据则是通过关键信息提供者访谈和焦点小组讨论，从地区供水与卫生管理小组（DWSMT）官员和社区层面的供水与卫生管理委员会成员处收集的。采用专题分析法对定性数据进行了人工分析。研究发现，在邦戈区，供水和卫生设施干预措施的采用率都很高。研究发现，家庭人口特征与采用改良型供水或卫生设施干预措施有着密切的正相关关系，其中包括户主的性别、年龄、教育水平和家庭规模等。研究发现，影响采用供水和卫生设施干预措施的主要因素包括对这些设施所带来的益处的了解以及关于使用这些设施的教育。研究还发现，作为可持续发展活动的一部分，大多数社区成员都参与决定这些供水和卫生设施是否合适、设施的选址以及现金捐助。因此，研究得出结论，邦戈区采用供水和卫生设施的程度相对较高，社区在一定程度上参与了促进设施可持续性的活动。
{"title":"Evaluating community adoption and participation in water and sanitation interventions in the Bongo District, Ghana","authors":"Ruth Amaabadek Atengdem, Seth Mensah Abobi, E. H. Alhassan","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1349331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1349331","url":null,"abstract":"Access to improved water and sanitation is a major conduit to meeting global development goals. This has resulted in the proliferation of various improved water and sanitation interventions in most communities of the world. Little evidence, however, exists in Ghana to reveal the extent to which these interventions are being adopted and sustained by the communities they are intended to benefit. This study, therefore, sought to assess the adoption of water and sanitation interventions and their sustainability. The mixed method approach, guided by the concurrent mixed method design was implemented in the Bongo District. Quantitative data were obtained from 389 sampled households in the District with the aid of a survey. Thereafter, univariate and bivariate statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data with the aid of STATA version 15. The qualitative data on the other hand was collected from officials of the District Water and Sanitation Management Team (DWSMT) and members of the water and sanitation management committees at the community level through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The qualitative data was analyzed manually using thematic analysis. The study found a high adoption rate of both water and sanitation interventions in the Bongo District. The household demographic characteristics that were found to have a strong positive association with the adoption of improved water or sanitation interventions included the sex of household head, age, level of education and household size among others. Major factors influencing the adoption of water and sanitation interventions found included the knowledge of the derived benefits of the facilities and education on the use of the facilities. The study also found that as part of activities geared towards sustainability, most community members were involved in deciding the appropriateness of these water and sanitation facilities; siting of the facilities; and cash contributions. The study, therefore, concludes that the extent of adoption of water and sanitation in the Bongo District is relatively high and communities were involved to some extent to engender the sustainability of the facilities.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1450912
Deborah V. Chapman, Christopher Gordon, Timothy Sullivan
{"title":"Editorial: Water quality monitoring and sustainable use of ambient freshwaters","authors":"Deborah V. Chapman, Christopher Gordon, Timothy Sullivan","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1450912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1450912","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141666877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1357976
Yiu-Kuen Leung, Ka Wai Eric Cheng
Although environmental groups have declaimed the application of greywater to alleviate water consumption, the progress of condensed water implementation for high-rise buildings was still sluggish. As greywater demands wastewater treatment before any application, the novelty of this study was to demonstrate the direct use of condensed water in an existing cooling water system without wastewater treatment. Considering there is barely any practical case study research to unveil the water-energy nexus in reclaiming condensed water for evaporative cooling tower systems, this research has signified that condensed water is a simple and low-budget application for water conservation and energy saving. Given that the condensed water possesses an intrinsic impurity-free property, the water-saving potentials have been amplified to the most tolerable total dissolved solids (TDS) of system water. Furthermore, it is beneficial that water quality control ameliorated the operating working conditions, the system performances were improved, and then less power was consumed. By getting rid of the wastewater treatment, consolidating the feasibility of practical direct-use application, and its sustainability for water and energy saving, this research may revive the attention of green building claimers to expedite its implementation and tie in the green building design. The condensed water derived from the electric ventilation system was reclaimed as an alternative water source for cooling without extra power consumption, which was ideal for concentration dilution and beneficial to descaling. An evaporative cooling system consumes tons of water, and the water losses are necessarily compensated by fresh water; this process occurs gradually over time and progressively escalates the TDS with time, which evocates water scale formations. Although the bleed-off (BO) that discharges the impurity-laden system water effectively lowers the TDS, it is not a water conservation measure, and the chemical effluent poses environmental hazards. The higher cycles of concentration (CoC) reduce the frequency of BO and sustain the full efficacy of antiscaling chemicals. Whenever water scales appear as a resistance of heat transfer deposit on the heat exchangers, the heat management capability is diminished and energy efficiency drops. The water and energy saving enhancement method was accomplished by reclaiming the condensed water and setting higher CoC.
{"title":"The enhancement of water and energy conservation through condensed water reclamation for evaporative cooling towers","authors":"Yiu-Kuen Leung, Ka Wai Eric Cheng","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1357976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1357976","url":null,"abstract":"Although environmental groups have declaimed the application of greywater to alleviate water consumption, the progress of condensed water implementation for high-rise buildings was still sluggish. As greywater demands wastewater treatment before any application, the novelty of this study was to demonstrate the direct use of condensed water in an existing cooling water system without wastewater treatment. Considering there is barely any practical case study research to unveil the water-energy nexus in reclaiming condensed water for evaporative cooling tower systems, this research has signified that condensed water is a simple and low-budget application for water conservation and energy saving. Given that the condensed water possesses an intrinsic impurity-free property, the water-saving potentials have been amplified to the most tolerable total dissolved solids (TDS) of system water. Furthermore, it is beneficial that water quality control ameliorated the operating working conditions, the system performances were improved, and then less power was consumed. By getting rid of the wastewater treatment, consolidating the feasibility of practical direct-use application, and its sustainability for water and energy saving, this research may revive the attention of green building claimers to expedite its implementation and tie in the green building design. The condensed water derived from the electric ventilation system was reclaimed as an alternative water source for cooling without extra power consumption, which was ideal for concentration dilution and beneficial to descaling. An evaporative cooling system consumes tons of water, and the water losses are necessarily compensated by fresh water; this process occurs gradually over time and progressively escalates the TDS with time, which evocates water scale formations. Although the bleed-off (BO) that discharges the impurity-laden system water effectively lowers the TDS, it is not a water conservation measure, and the chemical effluent poses environmental hazards. The higher cycles of concentration (CoC) reduce the frequency of BO and sustain the full efficacy of antiscaling chemicals. Whenever water scales appear as a resistance of heat transfer deposit on the heat exchangers, the heat management capability is diminished and energy efficiency drops. The water and energy saving enhancement method was accomplished by reclaiming the condensed water and setting higher CoC.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141681521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1408856
Marinda Avenant, H. Börnick, Stephanie Graumnitz, N. Nyoka, Beatrice Opeolu, Patricks Voua Otomo, Annika Schubert, Sara Schubert, T. Vos, Dirk Jungmann
Water quality assessment is a fundamental requirement for comprehensive water management. Access to water is not exclusively a quantitative issue, as human activities often lead to negative impacts on water quality due to pollution. This results in a need for the systematic monitoring of water bodies to surveil ongoing pollution dynamics and, if needed, facilitate the implementation of suitable solutions for water quality management.To that effect, in March 2022 and July 2023, we conducted two sampling campaigns in four headwater streams in QwaQwa, South Africa, to assess the water quality under high (summer) and low (winter) flow conditions. The overarching aim was to support local decision-makers with relevant information on water quality in a semirural and less studied area. Beside the hydrological characterization of the catchment, which drains the mountainous areas around Phuthaditjhaba (the main town of the region), physicochemical and biological monitoring were conducted, including in vitro tests detecting endocrine disruption, dioxin-like impacts, and genotoxic potentials in the water.The elemental analysis showed that at several sampling sites, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were above the Target-Water-Quality-Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems and Fe, Al, and Mn were additionally above the TWQR for domestic use. Interestingly, the organic micropollutants (OMPs) revealed a region with a high incidence of HIV infections, given the occurrence of the drugs efavirenz, its transformation product 8-OH-efavirenz and nevirapine, among other micropollutants. Possibly, the signals from the in vitro tests for endocrine disruption are also induced by the detected micropollutants. Our results ultimately show that even though anthropogenic impacts increase from upstream to downstream, none of the sampling sites are without concern. This indicates the urgent need for measures to increase the water quality of these headwater streams in this region.
{"title":"Investigating a surface water quality monitoring approach for QwaQwa, South Africa, by combining biological in vitro tests and chemical analyses","authors":"Marinda Avenant, H. Börnick, Stephanie Graumnitz, N. Nyoka, Beatrice Opeolu, Patricks Voua Otomo, Annika Schubert, Sara Schubert, T. Vos, Dirk Jungmann","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1408856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1408856","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality assessment is a fundamental requirement for comprehensive water management. Access to water is not exclusively a quantitative issue, as human activities often lead to negative impacts on water quality due to pollution. This results in a need for the systematic monitoring of water bodies to surveil ongoing pollution dynamics and, if needed, facilitate the implementation of suitable solutions for water quality management.To that effect, in March 2022 and July 2023, we conducted two sampling campaigns in four headwater streams in QwaQwa, South Africa, to assess the water quality under high (summer) and low (winter) flow conditions. The overarching aim was to support local decision-makers with relevant information on water quality in a semirural and less studied area. Beside the hydrological characterization of the catchment, which drains the mountainous areas around Phuthaditjhaba (the main town of the region), physicochemical and biological monitoring were conducted, including in vitro tests detecting endocrine disruption, dioxin-like impacts, and genotoxic potentials in the water.The elemental analysis showed that at several sampling sites, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were above the Target-Water-Quality-Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems and Fe, Al, and Mn were additionally above the TWQR for domestic use. Interestingly, the organic micropollutants (OMPs) revealed a region with a high incidence of HIV infections, given the occurrence of the drugs efavirenz, its transformation product 8-OH-efavirenz and nevirapine, among other micropollutants. Possibly, the signals from the in vitro tests for endocrine disruption are also induced by the detected micropollutants. Our results ultimately show that even though anthropogenic impacts increase from upstream to downstream, none of the sampling sites are without concern. This indicates the urgent need for measures to increase the water quality of these headwater streams in this region.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1383382
Erin Corbett, U. Ijaz, Isla Jackson, Vernon R. Phoenix
Rain gardens are an alternative to traditional drainage, able to lower flood risk and reduce environmental contamination from stormwater. Removal of contaminants by rain gardens is driven by both physical processes (such as filtration and sedimentation) and biological metabolic processes by soil microorganisms. To better understand rain garden performance, this study explored the impact of rain gardens on pollution removal and microbial composition and function using rain gardens fed real stormwater from a busy road. Each rain garden had different grain size and hydraulic conductivities as these parameters have been argued to impact pollution removal. All four rain gardens were able to reduce the contaminant load in the stormwaters, reducing the concentration of dissolved metals, suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. Significantly, road salting in the winter did not cause dissolved metals to be released from the rain gardens, suggesting that rain gardens can continue to reduce contaminant loads during winter salting regimes. Some variation in pollutant removal was seen between the soils tested, but overall no clear trend could be identified based on grain size and hydraulic conductivity with all rain gardens performing broadly similarly. The rain garden soil altered the microbial community in the stormwater, resulting in greater taxonomic evenness and functional richness in the effluent water compared to the influent. Functional richness of the soils was also higher than that of the input waters, indicating that the microbes in the rain gardens were able to perform a wider range of functions than those of the influent. Effluent and soil microbiology was more impacted by sampling date than soil grain size, which may be a result of the soil communities maturing and changing over time. As greater numbers of rain gardens are installed to tackle flooding from climate change, it is important to ensure the environment is protected from urban contaminants in the stormwater. The results in this study further highlight the ability of rain gardens to undertake this important task.
{"title":"Stormwater quality and microbial ecology in an urban rain garden system","authors":"Erin Corbett, U. Ijaz, Isla Jackson, Vernon R. Phoenix","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1383382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1383382","url":null,"abstract":"Rain gardens are an alternative to traditional drainage, able to lower flood risk and reduce environmental contamination from stormwater. Removal of contaminants by rain gardens is driven by both physical processes (such as filtration and sedimentation) and biological metabolic processes by soil microorganisms. To better understand rain garden performance, this study explored the impact of rain gardens on pollution removal and microbial composition and function using rain gardens fed real stormwater from a busy road. Each rain garden had different grain size and hydraulic conductivities as these parameters have been argued to impact pollution removal. All four rain gardens were able to reduce the contaminant load in the stormwaters, reducing the concentration of dissolved metals, suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. Significantly, road salting in the winter did not cause dissolved metals to be released from the rain gardens, suggesting that rain gardens can continue to reduce contaminant loads during winter salting regimes. Some variation in pollutant removal was seen between the soils tested, but overall no clear trend could be identified based on grain size and hydraulic conductivity with all rain gardens performing broadly similarly. The rain garden soil altered the microbial community in the stormwater, resulting in greater taxonomic evenness and functional richness in the effluent water compared to the influent. Functional richness of the soils was also higher than that of the input waters, indicating that the microbes in the rain gardens were able to perform a wider range of functions than those of the influent. Effluent and soil microbiology was more impacted by sampling date than soil grain size, which may be a result of the soil communities maturing and changing over time. As greater numbers of rain gardens are installed to tackle flooding from climate change, it is important to ensure the environment is protected from urban contaminants in the stormwater. The results in this study further highlight the ability of rain gardens to undertake this important task.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1361058
Frans H. M. van de Ven, Chris Zevenbergen, Mila Avellar Montezuma, Zihang Ding, W. Veerbeek, Shiyang Chen
Urban water management is confronted with more frequent, more extreme weather events. This paper introduces the Three-Points Approach (3PA) into Sponge City concept, to create a novel framework aimed at guiding water management interventions across local, urban, regional, and river basin scales. The 3PA integrates three domains—Day-to-day, Design, and Extreme —offering a nuanced strategy for flood and drought risk mitigation, also for extreme events. Notably, the 3PA emphasizes the fusion of blue-green infrastructure (BGI) with conventional gray approaches to enhance both multifunctionality and resilience in extreme weather conditions. The study identifies critical issues of implementing this Three-Points Sponge Policy (3PSP) approach, including spatial and temporal scales, transitioning from gray to blue-green infrastructure, asset management, data handling, and effective communication. Interventions spanning various spatial scales and addressing flood protection, drought resilience, and water quality are explored in a first and indicative application in Zhengzhou. The case study distills key design principles, highlighting the imperative of never shifting problems, embracing ecosystem-based adaptation, seeking synergy between interventions, and incorporating adaptability into designs. The 3PSP approach emerges as a holistic framework that considers both risks and benefits, contributing valuable insights to the discourse on integrating urban and river basin water management, improving our ways of dealing with extreme weather events while maximizing the day-to-day benefits of our interventions.
{"title":"The Three-Points Sponge Policy approach; toward an enhanced multi-level resilience strategy","authors":"Frans H. M. van de Ven, Chris Zevenbergen, Mila Avellar Montezuma, Zihang Ding, W. Veerbeek, Shiyang Chen","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2024.1361058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1361058","url":null,"abstract":"Urban water management is confronted with more frequent, more extreme weather events. This paper introduces the Three-Points Approach (3PA) into Sponge City concept, to create a novel framework aimed at guiding water management interventions across local, urban, regional, and river basin scales. The 3PA integrates three domains—Day-to-day, Design, and Extreme —offering a nuanced strategy for flood and drought risk mitigation, also for extreme events. Notably, the 3PA emphasizes the fusion of blue-green infrastructure (BGI) with conventional gray approaches to enhance both multifunctionality and resilience in extreme weather conditions. The study identifies critical issues of implementing this Three-Points Sponge Policy (3PSP) approach, including spatial and temporal scales, transitioning from gray to blue-green infrastructure, asset management, data handling, and effective communication. Interventions spanning various spatial scales and addressing flood protection, drought resilience, and water quality are explored in a first and indicative application in Zhengzhou. The case study distills key design principles, highlighting the imperative of never shifting problems, embracing ecosystem-based adaptation, seeking synergy between interventions, and incorporating adaptability into designs. The 3PSP approach emerges as a holistic framework that considers both risks and benefits, contributing valuable insights to the discourse on integrating urban and river basin water management, improving our ways of dealing with extreme weather events while maximizing the day-to-day benefits of our interventions.","PeriodicalId":33801,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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