Pilot findings on the real-world performance of xylazine test strips for drug residue testing and the importance of secondary testing methods

Erin Thompson , Jessica Tardif , Merci Ujeneza , Adina Badea , Traci C. Green , Haley McKee , Michelle McKenzie , Ju Nyeong Park
{"title":"Pilot findings on the real-world performance of xylazine test strips for drug residue testing and the importance of secondary testing methods","authors":"Erin Thompson ,&nbsp;Jessica Tardif ,&nbsp;Merci Ujeneza ,&nbsp;Adina Badea ,&nbsp;Traci C. Green ,&nbsp;Haley McKee ,&nbsp;Michelle McKenzie ,&nbsp;Ju Nyeong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100241","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Xylazine is a sedative found increasingly in the illicit fentanyl supply that can cause hypotension, bradycardia, necrosis and death. This pilot examined the real-world performance of BTNX xylazine test strips (XTS) in drug residue samples.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study was nested within a drug checking service in Rhode Island. We tested unmeasured drug residue dissolved in 5<!--> <!-->mL of distilled water using XTS and Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Analyses compared XTS and LC-QTOF-MS results to calculate XTS detection of xylazine in residue.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 41 residue samples, xylazine was detected in 11% by the XTS and 44 % by the laboratory. The LC-QTOF-MS detected xylazine in 18 samples: 4 major, 9 minor, 5 trace by volume relative to the whole sample. The XTS disagreed with the LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result in 77.8 % (N=14) of the samples but never indicated a positive when the LC-QTOF-MS reported xylazine’s absence. The XTS correctly detected xylazine 22 % of the time, however, this increased to 100 % of the time if xylazine was a major active component.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In this study, the BTNX XTS often disagreed with LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result, likely due to the dilution levels used and sample composition. The XTS may not be accurate in detecting residual amounts of xylazine, especially if xylazine is not a dominant component of the tested sample. Given the novelty of BTNX’s XTS products, we recommend XTS only be used in conjunction with other advanced drug checking modalities for residue testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72841,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772724624000258/pdfft?md5=56767014de9dc64ba0787efb30f0538b&pid=1-s2.0-S2772724624000258-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Drug and alcohol dependence reports","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772724624000258","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Xylazine is a sedative found increasingly in the illicit fentanyl supply that can cause hypotension, bradycardia, necrosis and death. This pilot examined the real-world performance of BTNX xylazine test strips (XTS) in drug residue samples.

Methods

This study was nested within a drug checking service in Rhode Island. We tested unmeasured drug residue dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water using XTS and Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Analyses compared XTS and LC-QTOF-MS results to calculate XTS detection of xylazine in residue.

Results

Among 41 residue samples, xylazine was detected in 11% by the XTS and 44 % by the laboratory. The LC-QTOF-MS detected xylazine in 18 samples: 4 major, 9 minor, 5 trace by volume relative to the whole sample. The XTS disagreed with the LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result in 77.8 % (N=14) of the samples but never indicated a positive when the LC-QTOF-MS reported xylazine’s absence. The XTS correctly detected xylazine 22 % of the time, however, this increased to 100 % of the time if xylazine was a major active component.

Conclusions

In this study, the BTNX XTS often disagreed with LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result, likely due to the dilution levels used and sample composition. The XTS may not be accurate in detecting residual amounts of xylazine, especially if xylazine is not a dominant component of the tested sample. Given the novelty of BTNX’s XTS products, we recommend XTS only be used in conjunction with other advanced drug checking modalities for residue testing.

查看原文
分享 分享
微信好友 朋友圈 QQ好友 复制链接
本刊更多论文
关于用于药物残留检测的甲氧苄啶试纸实际性能和辅助检测方法重要性的试验结果
背景在非法供应的芬太尼中发现越来越多的羟嗪是一种镇静剂,可导致低血压、心动过缓、坏死和死亡。这项试验检验了 BTNX 异丙嗪试纸 (XTS) 在药物残留样本中的实际表现。我们使用 XTS 和液相色谱四极杆飞行时间质谱法 (LC-QTOF-MS) 对溶解在 5 毫升蒸馏水中的未测量药物残留进行了检测。分析比较了 XTS 和液相色谱-QTOF-MS 的结果,以计算 XTS 在残留物中检测到的哒嗪。LC-QTOF-MS 在 18 个样品中检测到了二甲嗪:与整个样品相比,4 个主要,9 个次要,5 个痕量。XTS 与 LC-QTOF-MS 的检测结果不一致,在 77.8% 的样品(N=14)中显示出阴性结果,但当 LC-QTOF-MS 报告不含二甲苯嗪时,XTS 从未显示出阳性结果。结论 在本研究中,BTNX XTS 与 LC-QTOF-MS 的检测结果经常不一致,显示为阴性,这可能与使用的稀释水平和样品成分有关。XTS 可能无法准确检测出残留的甲苯嗪,尤其是当甲苯嗪不是被测样品的主要成分时。鉴于 BTNX XTS 产品的新颖性,我们建议 XTS 只能与其他先进的药物残留检测方法结合使用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 去求助
来源期刊
Drug and alcohol dependence reports
Drug and alcohol dependence reports Psychiatry and Mental Health
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
100 days
期刊最新文献
High-intensity interval training alleviates ethanol-induced renal damage: A study on inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in rats Sex differences in normative modeling of cortical thickness in cannabis use disorder Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States Predictors for recurrence of drug use among males on probation for methamphetamine use in Japan: a one-year follow-up study A mixed-methods investigation of an ecological momentary assessment protocol for cigarette-smoking youth: Psychometric properties and participant experiences
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
已复制链接
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
×
扫码分享
扫码分享
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1