Graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient carrier for anti-cancer drug systems: A review

Abstract

This review explores the integration of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) with model drugs and diverse formulations to obtain nanocomposites with potential for cancer therapy. Beyond the synthesis, the study also deals with cancer-affected organs, elucidates mechanisms of drug action and categorizes g-C₃N₄-based anti-cancer compositions. The responsive elements contributing to cancer inhibition under the chemotherapeutic influence include reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial potential, oxidative stress, magnetic responsiveness, profound thermal and photo energy penetration, metal retention toxicity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) blockade in cancer cells, insulating microenvironments within tumours and immune-modulating antibodies. Notably, breast, prostate, lung, ovary and stomach cancers owe their genesis exclusively to abnormal cell proliferation. Our review reveals that the integration of model drugs (MD) with metal ions (MI) on g-C₃N₄ (g-C₃N₄/MDMI) shows enhanced biological activity, compared to metal ions and model drugs alone. The paper refers to several characterization techniques to decipher intricate data patterns and facilitate explanations of in vitro analyses focused on cancer cell viability and proliferation. Upon analysis of all data, g-C₃N₄ emerges as a compelling drug carrier, particularly within the anticancer drug delivery systems. This review not only emphasizes the immense potential of g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites but also paves the way for future advancements in effective cancer treatments.