Onion (Allium cepa L.) Attracts Scoliid Wasps by Means of Generalist Floral Volatiles.

Abstract

Onion flowers require pollinator-mediated cross-pollination. However, the cues that pollinators use to locate the flowers are not well understood. The floral scent, along with floral visual cues, might acts as important signal to pollinators in order to locate the floral resources. We used electrophysiological methods combined with behavioural assays to determine which compounds in a floral scent are more attractive and thus biologically important to foraging scollid wasps. The majority of the molecules identified as floral fragrances in onions are common compounds that are already known from other angiosperms, and onion floral scents were predominately composed of aromatic components. The antennae of scoliid wasps responded to a large number of compounds, among them o-cymene, cis-β-ocimene, benzaldehyde and allo-ocimene were behaviourally active. In contrast to other wasp flowers investigated nectar analysis demonstrated the dominance of hexose sugars over sucrose. Our findings provide fresh insights into the floral volatile chemistry of a key vegetable crop grown around the world. We demonstrate here that onion is using generalist floral volatiles to attract floral visitors. This insight could be utilised to make onion blooms more attractive to minor pollinators as well as major pollinators in order to maximise seed set.