Current and potential future impacts of food- and water-borne parasites in a changing world: A Norwegian perspective

Lucy J. Robertson, Ian D. Woolsey, Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
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Abstract

In 2021, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment published a multi-criteria risk ranking of 20 potentially food-borne pathogens in Norway. The pathogens ranked included five parasite taxa (3 species, one genus, one family): Toxoplasma gondii, Echinococcus multilocularis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Anisakidae. Two of these, T. gondii and E. multilocularis, scored very highly (1st and 3rd place, respectively), Cryptosporidium was about midway (9th place), and G. duodenalis and Anisakidae ranked relatively low (15th and 20th place, respectively). Parasites were found, on average, more likely to present an increasing food-borne disease burden in the future than the other pathogens. Here, we review the current impact of these five potentially food-borne parasites in Norway, and factors of potential importance in increasing their future food-borne disease burden. Climate change may affect the contamination of water and fresh produce with transmission stages of the first four parasites, potentially leading to increased infection risk. Alterations in host distribution (potentially due to climate change, but also other factors) may affect the occurrence and distribution of Toxoplasma, Echinococcus, and Anisakidae, and these, coupled with changes in food consumption patterns, could also affect infection likelihood. Transmission of food-borne pathogens is complex, and the relative importance of different pathogens is affected by many factors and will not remain static. Further investigation in, for example, ten-years’ time, could provide a different picture of the relative importance of different pathogens. Nevertheless, there is clearly the potential for parasites to exert a greater risk to public health in Norway than currently occurs.

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在不断变化的世界中,食源性和水源性寄生虫当前和未来的潜在影响:挪威的视角
2021 年,挪威食品与环境科学委员会公布了挪威 20 种潜在食源性病原体的多标准风险排名。这些病原体包括五个寄生虫类群(3 种、1 属、1 科):弓形虫、多球棘球蚴、十二指肠贾第虫、隐孢子虫属和肛吸虫科。其中,淋病双球菌和多棘球蚴得分很高(分别排在第 1 位和第 3 位),隐孢子虫排在中间位置(第 9 位),而杜氏贾第鞭毛虫和 Anisakidae 排名相对较低(分别排在第 15 位和第 20 位)。平均而言,寄生虫比其他病原体更有可能在未来增加食源性疾病的负担。在此,我们回顾了这五种可能通过食物传播的寄生虫目前在挪威造成的影响,以及增加其未来食源性疾病负担的潜在重要因素。气候变化可能会影响前四种寄生虫传播阶段对水和新鲜农产品的污染,从而增加感染风险。宿主分布的变化(可能是气候变化造成的,但也可能是其他因素造成的)可能会影响弓形虫、棘球蚴和阿尼斯卡科寄生虫的发生和分布,这些因素加上食物消费模式的变化也可能影响感染的可能性。食源性病原体的传播非常复杂,不同病原体的相对重要性受多种因素影响,不会一成不变。例如,十年后的进一步调查可能会提供不同病原体相对重要性的不同情况。不过,寄生虫对挪威公共卫生造成的风险显然可能比目前更大。
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