Digital "flipbooks" for enhanced visual assessment of simple and complex brain tumors.

Abstract

Typical longitudinal radiographic assessment of brain tumors relies on side-by-side qualitative visualization of serial magnetic resonance images (MRIs) aided by quantitative measurements of tumor size. However, when assessing slowly growing tumors and/or complex tumors, side-by-side visualization and quantification may be difficult or unreliable. Whole-brain, patient-specific "digital flipbooks" of longitudinal scans are a potential method to augment radiographic side-by-side reads in clinical settings by enhancing the visual perception of changes in tumor size, mass effect, and infiltration across multiple slices over time. In this approach, co-registered, consecutive MRI scans are displayed in a slide deck, where one slide displays multiple brain slices of a single timepoint in an array (eg, 3 × 5 "mosaic" view of slices). The flipbooks are viewed similarly to an animated flipbook of cartoons/photos so that subtle radiographic changes are visualized via perceived motion when scrolling through the slides. Importantly, flipbooks can be created easily with free, open-source software. This article describes the step-by-step methodology for creating flipbooks and discusses clinical scenarios for which flipbooks are particularly useful. Example flipbooks are provided in Supplementary Material.