Limits on Kinetic Impact Deflection of Asteroids from Laboratory Hypervelocity Cratering and Disruption of Meteorites and Analogs

George J. Flynn, D. Durda, M. Strait, R. Macke
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Abstract

Successful deflection of a hazardous asteroid by kinetic impact requires cratering without disruption in order to avoid possibly leaving a large fragment of the asteroid on a collision course with Earth. A critical issue is the determination of the maximum change in velocity, and thus the orbital change, that can be imparted to asteroid material by a single hypervelocity kinetic impact while producing only cratering rather than fragmentation. Porosity, strength, mineralogy, and hydration influence the response of a target to hypervelocity impact. To investigate the maximum velocity that can be transferred by a single kinetic impact we performed a series of laboratory-scale hypervelocity impact cratering and disruption measurements on two types of anhydrous asteroid samples, the Northwest Africa (NWA) 869 ordinary chondrite meteorite and the NWA 4502 carbonaceous chondrite meteorite, using the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range. Our results demonstrate that if disruption is to be avoided there is a factor of seven difference in the maximum velocity that can be imparted by a single kinetic impact between these two types of asteroid material. To investigate the effect of hydration on the maximum velocity transfer we impacted laboratory-prepared simulant of a hydrous carbonaceous meteorite target and determined that its behavior was similar to that of the NWA 4502 targets. Our results indicate that the maximum velocity change that can be imparted by a single kinetic impactor to this carbonaceous meteorite target is only ~0.27 m/s. This suggests that multiple kinetic impacts may be required for non-disruptive deflection of many Potentially Hazardous Asteroids, particularly the weaker carbonaceous asteroids.
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实验室超高速撞击和破坏陨星及类似物对小行星动能撞击偏转的限制
通过动能撞击使危险小行星成功偏转,需要在不造成破坏的情况下将其撞成陨石坑,以避免可能留下大块小行星碎片与地球相撞。一个关键问题是确定单次超高速动能撞击能给小行星材料带来的最大速度变化,也就是轨道变化,同时只产生陨石坑而不是碎裂。孔隙率、强度、矿物学和水合作用会影响目标对超高速撞击的反应。为了研究单次动能撞击所能传递的最大速度,我们利用美国宇航局艾姆斯垂直发射场,对两种类型的无水小行星样本,即西北非(NWA)869 普通软玉陨石和 NWA 4502 碳质软玉陨石,进行了一系列实验室规模的超高速撞击陨石坑和破坏测量。我们的研究结果表明,如果要避免破坏,这两类小行星材料之间的单次动能撞击所能产生的最大速度相差七倍。为了研究水化对最大速度传递的影响,我们撞击了实验室制备的含水碳质陨石目标模拟物,并确定其行为与 NWA 4502 目标类似。我们的结果表明,单个动能撞击器对该碳质陨石目标可传递的最大速度变化仅为 ~0.27 m/s。这表明,许多潜在危险小行星,特别是较弱的碳质小行星,可能需要多次动能撞击才能实现无破坏性偏转。
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Limits on Kinetic Impact Deflection of Asteroids from Laboratory Hypervelocity Cratering and Disruption of Meteorites and Analogs
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