Biomass yield and metal phytoextraction efficiency of Salix and Populus clones harvested at different rotation lengths in the field experiment

IF 5.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI:10.1186/s40538-024-00600-1

Nikola Prouzová, Pavla Kubátová, Filip Mercl, Jiřina Száková, Jana Najmanová, Pavel Tlustoš

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Abstract

Background

Phytoextraction belongs to environmentally well-accepted remediation technologies to remove metals from contaminated soils. Due to long-time requirement, sufficient data for proper phytoextraction evaluation are missing. Four clones of fast-growing trees: two willow species (S1), Salix viminalis L. (Salix schwerinii E.L.Wolf × S. viminalis) × S. viminalis) and (S2)—Salix smithiana (Salix × smithiana Willd.), and two poplar clones (P1), Populus Max-4 (Populus nigra L. × Populus maximowiczii A. Henry) and (P2) Wolterson (P. nigra L.) were cultivated under field conditions at medium-to-high Cd and Pb, and low Zn soil contamination to assess trees’ long-term ability of biomass production and removal of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The biomass yield and PTE uptake were measured during 8 years of regular growth under three rotation lengths: four harvests following 2-year periods (4 × 2y), two harvests in 4-year periods (2 × 4y), and one harvest representing 8 years of growth (1 × 8y).

Results

In most cases, the highest annual dry biomass yield was achieved with a 2 × 4y rotation (P1 = 20.9 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, S2 = 18.4 t ha⁻¹y⁻¹), and the yield decreased in order 2 × 4y > 1 × 8y > 4 × 2y of harvesting periods. Only clone S1 showed a different pattern. The differences in biomass yield substantially affected the PTE phytoextraction. The greatest amount of Cd and Zn was removed by willow S2, with the highest biomass yield, and the strongest ability to accumulate PTEs. With 2 × 4y rotation, S2 removed a substantial amount of Cd (9.07%) and Zn (3.43%) from the topsoil horizon (0–20 cm) and 5.62% Cd and 2.04% Zn from horizon 20–40 cm; phytoextraction rate was slightly lower for 1 × 8y rotation. The poplar P1 removed the most Pb in the 1 × 8y rotation, but the overall Pb phytoextraction was negligible. The results indicated that lignin and cellulose contents increased, and hemicellulose content decreased with increased concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in poplars wood.

Conclusions

The data confirmed that phytoextraction over longer harvest periods offered promising results for removing Cd from medium- to high-level contaminated soils; however, the ability of Pb removal was extremely low. The longer harvest period should be more economically feasible.

Graphical Abstract

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在田间试验中以不同轮作长度收获的沙柳和杨树克隆的生物量产量和金属植物萃取效率

背景植物萃取技术属于环境修复技术，可用于去除受污染土壤中的金属。由于需要很长时间，目前还没有足够的数据对植物萃取进行适当的评估。四种速生树种克隆：两种柳树（S1），Salix viminalis L. (Salix schwerinii E.L.Wolf × S. viminalis) × S. viminalis）和（S2）-Salix smithiana (Salix × smithiana Willd.)，以及两种杨树克隆（P1），Populus Max-4 (Populus nigra L. × Populus maximowiczii A.) × S. viminalis）。 × P2) Wolterson (P. nigra L.) 在中高镉和铅以及低锌土壤污染的田间条件下进行栽培，以评估树木长期生产生物量和清除潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的能力。在 8 年的正常生长过程中，测量了三种轮伐长度下的生物量产量和 PTE 吸收量：2 年轮伐 4 次（4 × 2y）、4 年轮伐 2 次（2 × 4y）和 8 年生长轮伐 1 次（1 × 8y）。结果在大多数情况下，2 × 4 年轮作的年干生物量产量最高（P1 = 20.9 吨/公顷-1 年-1，S2 = 18.4 吨/公顷-1 年-1），产量依次为 2 × 4 年 > 1 × 8 年 > 4 × 2 年收获期。只有克隆 S1 表现出不同的模式。生物量产量的差异对 PTE 植物萃取产生了很大影响。生物量最高、积累 PTE 能力最强的柳树 S2 清除的镉和锌最多。在 2 × 4 年的轮作中，S2 从表层土壤（0-20 cm）中去除了大量的镉（9.07%）和锌（3.43%），从 20-40 cm 的地层中去除了 5.62% 的镉和 2.04% 的锌；在 1 × 8 年的轮作中，植物提取率略低。在 1 × 8 年的轮作中，杨树 P1 对铅的萃取率最高，但总体上对铅的植物萃取可以忽略不计。结果表明，随着杨木中镉、铅和锌浓度的增加，木质素和纤维素含量增加，半纤维素含量减少。较长的收获期在经济上更可行。

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来源期刊

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

6.80

自引率

3.00%

发文量

审稿时长

15 weeks

期刊介绍： Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture. This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.