Measured black carbon deposition over the central Himalayan glaciers: Concentrations in surface snow and impact on snow albedo reduction

IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Atmospheric Pollution Research Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2024.102203
Chaman Gul , Cenlin He , Shichang Kang , Yangyang Xu , Xiaokang Wu , Inka Koch , Joel Barker , Rajesh Kumar , Rahat Ullah , Shah Faisal , Siva Praveen Puppala
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Abstract

Deposition of ambient black carbon (BC) aerosols over snow-covered areas reduces surface albedo and accelerates snowmelt. Based on in-situ atmospheric BC data and the WRF-Chem model, we estimated the dry and wet deposition of BC over the Yala glacier of the central Himalayan region in Nepal during 2016–2018. The maximum and minimum BC dry deposition was reported in pre- and post-monsoon respectively. Approximately 50% of annual dry deposition occurred in the pre-monsoon season (March to May) and 27% of the annual dry deposition occurred in April. The total dry BC deposition rate was estimated as ∼4.6 μg m−2 day−1 providing a total deposition of 531 μg m−2 during the pre-monsoon season. The contribution of biomass burning and fossil fuel sources to BC deposition on an annual basis was 28% and 72% respectively. The annual accumulated wet deposition of BC was 196 times higher than the annual dry deposition. The ten months of observed dry deposition of BC (October 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017 – except December 2016) was ∼39% lower than that of WRF-Chem's estimated annual dry deposition from September 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017 partially due to model bias. The deposited content of BC over the snow surface has an important role in albedo reduction, therefore snow samples were collected from the surface of the Yala Glacier and the surrounding region in April 2016, 2017, and 2018. Samples were analyzed for BC mass concentration through the thermal optical analysis and single particle soot photometer method. The BC calculated via the thermal optical method was in the range of 352–854 ng g−1, higher than the BC calculated through the particle soot photometer method and estimated BC in 2 cm surface snow (imperial equation). The maximum surface snow albedo reduction due to BC was 8.8%, estimated by a widely used snow radiative transfer model and a linear regression equation.

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喜马拉雅山脉中部冰川黑碳沉积测量:表层积雪中的浓度及其对积雪反照率降低的影响
环境黑碳(BC)气溶胶在积雪地区的沉积会降低地表反照率并加速融雪。基于原位大气BC数据和WRF-Chem模型,我们估算了2016-2018年间尼泊尔喜马拉雅中部地区雅拉冰川上空的BC干湿沉积量。报告显示,季风前和季风后分别出现了最大和最小的 BC 干沉降。大约 50% 的年度干沉降发生在季风前季节(3 月至 5 月),27% 的年度干沉降发生在 4 月。据估计,在季风前的季节,总的干 BC 沉积率为 4.6 μg m-2 天-1,总沉积量为 531 μg m-2。生物质燃烧和化石燃料来源对每年 BC 沉积的贡献率分别为 28% 和 72%。BC 的年累积湿沉降量是年干沉降量的 196 倍。在2016年9月1日至2017年8月31日的10个月中,观测到的BC干沉降量(2016年10月1日至2017年8月31日-2016年12月除外)比WRF-Chem估计的年干沉降量低39%,部分原因是模型偏差。积雪表面沉积的 BC 含量对反照率的降低有重要作用,因此在 2016 年、2017 年和 2018 年 4 月从雅拉冰川表面及周边地区采集了积雪样本。样本通过热光学分析法和单颗粒烟尘光度计法分析了BC的质量浓度。通过热光学方法计算出的 BC 在 352-854 ng g-1 之间,高于通过颗粒烟尘光度计方法计算出的 BC 和 2 厘米表面积雪中的估计 BC(英制方程)。根据广泛使用的雪地辐射传递模型和线性回归方程估算,BC 导致的最大表面雪地反照率降低率为 8.8%。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Pollution Research
Atmospheric Pollution Research ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
6.70%
发文量
256
审稿时长
36 days
期刊介绍: Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.
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