Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

Chemical fingerprints and source-resolved health risks of fine particulate matter at the vicinity of gas and coal-fired power plants 天然气和燃煤电厂附近细颗粒物的化学指纹和来源解决的健康风险

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102710

Po Jui Chen , Shahzada Amani Room , Yu Ju Shih , Chia Ying Tsai , Yen Shun Hsu , Shih Yu Pan , Yu Chieh Ting , Charles C.-K. Chou , Moo Been Chang , Kai Hsien Chi

This study offers an in-depth investigation into the chemical composition, source apportionment, and potential health risks of PM_2.5 in residential areas adjacent to a natural gas-fired (NGF) and a coal-fired (CF) power plant in Taiwan. Ambient PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously during the spring in Taoyuan City (NGF site: Northern Taiwan) and in Taichung City (CF site: Central Taiwan). The analysis revealed higher mean PM_2.5 concentrations at the CF site (24.8 ± 10.6 μg/m³) compared to the NGF site (15.8 ± 7.26 μg/m³), likely driven by the CF site's proximity to coal-fired power plant, traffic and electric arc furnace (EAF) operations. Correspondingly, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxicities (BaPeq) were substantially elevated at the CF site (PAHs: 0.778 ± 0.463 ng/m³; BaPeq: 0.488 ± 0.434 ng/m³) compared to the NGF site (PAHs: 0.105 ± 0.075 ng/m³; BaPeq: 0.239 ± 0.397 ng/m³). Diagnostic PAH ratios (BaA/(BaA + Chr) > 0.2; Ant/(Ant + Phe) > 0.3) suggested vehicular emissions and combustion processes as key sources at both sites. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) further resolved the source contributions to PAHs: at the NGF site, emissions originated from the natural gas-fired power plant (31.7 %), traffic (50.1 %), and EAF (18.2 %), whereas at the CF site, contributions were attributed to the coal-fired power plant (38.3 %), traffic (28.2 %), and EAF (24.0 %). Besides, health risk assessments revealed higher cancer inhalation risks among adolescents (NGF: 6.86E-13; CF: 3.72E-10), driven by cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), whereas non-inhalation risks were higher among adults (NGF: 6.98E-09; CF: 6.27E-08), predominantly linked to PAHs and nickel (Ni).

摘要本研究旨在深入探讨台湾某天然气发电厂与燃煤发电厂附近居民居住区内PM2.5的化学成分、来源及潜在健康风险。同时采集桃园市（NGF站点：台湾北部）和台中市（CF站点：台湾中部）的春季环境PM2.5样本。分析显示，CF站点的PM2.5平均浓度（24.8±10.6 μg/m3）高于NGF站点（15.8±7.26 μg/m3），这可能是由于CF站点靠近燃煤电厂、交通和电弧炉（EAF）操作所致。相应的，与NGF位点（PAHs: 0.105±0.075 ng/m3; BaPeq: 0.239±0.397 ng/m3）相比，CF位点的多环芳烃（PAH）浓度和苯并[a]芘当量毒性（BaPeq）显著升高（PAHs: 0.778±0.463 ng/m3; BaPeq: 0.488±0.434 ng/m3）。诊断多环芳烃比值(BaA/(BaA + Chr) > 0.2；Ant/(Ant + Phe) > 0.3)表明车辆排放和燃烧过程是两个站点的主要污染源。正矩阵分解（PMF）进一步确定了多环芳烃的源贡献：在NGF站点，排放来自天然气发电厂（31.7%）、交通（50.1%）和EAF(18.2%)，而在CF站点，排放来自燃煤发电厂（38.3%）、交通（28.2%）和EAF（24.0%）。此外，健康风险评估显示，镉（Cd）和砷（As）驱动下，青少年（NGF: 6.86E-13; CF: 3.72E-10）的吸入性癌症风险较高，而成人（NGF: 6.98E-09; CF: 6.27E-08）的非吸入性癌症风险较高，主要与多环芳烃和镍（Ni）有关。

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引用次数: 0

Toxicological effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) from an industrial city of the Colombian Caribbean on Caenorhabditis elegans 哥伦比亚加勒比海某工业城市颗粒物（PM2.5）对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒理学影响

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102713

Andrea L. Moreno-Ríos , Claudete Gindri Ramos , Jesus Olivero-Verbel

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution poses a significant threat to human health and ecosystems. This study assessed the toxicological effects of PM_2.5 on Caenorhabditis elegans in Barranquilla, a city in the Colombian Caribbean with an industrial presence. Samples were collected at two urban sites between August 2019 and January 2020. The mean PM_2.5 concentration reached 9.5 ± 0.8 μg m⁻³ at the residential site (P1) with vehicular traffic, industrial emissions, and biomass burning influence, and 15.0 ± 0.9 μg m⁻³ at the site (P2) with high vehicular traffic and industrial influence. Elevated levels of Cu and Mn were detected in the PM_2.5 samples, along with lower concentrations of toxic elements, including Cd and Pb. Aqueous extracts showed higher concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn. Although no lethality was observed, significant alterations in growth, locomotion, and reproduction were found in C. elegans, particularly in generations G1 and G2. Growth in G2 was negatively correlated with Cu (ρ = - 0.975), locomotion in G1 with Mn (ρ = - 0.830) and As (ρ = - 0.626), and reproduction in G1 with Pb (ρ = 0.742); reproduction in G2 showed a positive correlation with Cr (ρ = 0.700). These findings confirmed a relationship between the PM_2.5 composition of the city of Barranquilla and biological toxicity in C. elegans, highlighting the influence of emission sources. This study provides valuable data for environmental authorities, underscoring the need for strategies to mitigate the toxicological risks associated with fine particle pollution.

细颗粒物（PM2.5）空气污染对人类健康和生态系统构成重大威胁。本研究评估了PM2.5对巴兰基亚秀丽隐杆线虫的毒理学影响，巴兰基亚是哥伦比亚加勒比海地区的一个工业城市。2019年8月至2020年1月期间，在两个城市地点采集了样本。受机动车、工业排放和生物质燃烧影响的居民点（P1） PM2.5平均浓度为9.5±0.8 μ m−3，受机动车和工业排放影响较大的居民点（P2） PM2.5平均浓度为15.0±0.9 μ m−3。PM2.5样本中检测到的铜和锰含量升高，而镉和铅等有毒元素的浓度较低。水提物中Al、Cu、Pb、Hg和Zn的含量较高。虽然没有观察到致死性，但秀丽隐杆线虫的生长、运动和繁殖发生了显著变化，特别是在G1和G2代。G2的生长与Cu （ρ = - 0.975）、G1的运动与Mn （ρ = - 0.830）、As （ρ = - 0.626）、G1的繁殖与Pb （ρ = 0.742）呈负相关；G2的繁殖与Cr呈正相关（ρ = 0.700）。这些发现证实了巴兰基利亚市的PM2.5组成与秀丽隐杆线虫的生物毒性之间的关系，突出了排放源的影响。这项研究为环境当局提供了有价值的数据，强调需要制定策略来减轻与细颗粒污染相关的毒理学风险。

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引用次数: 0

Heavy metal concentrations in deciduous tree rings reflects changes in temporal dynamic of industrial air pollution 落叶树年轮重金属浓度反映了工业大气污染的时间动态变化

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102716

Cristian Gheorghe Sidor , Cosmin Ilie Cuciurean , Jesus Julio Camarero , Ovidiu Badea

Urban expansion, industrialization, and increased traffic intensity are major global threats to human health, well-being, and forest ecosystems due to their contribution to air, soil, and water pollution. A striking example of such environmental degradation is the dieback of hardwood forests in Eastern Europe, particularly in the heavily polluted regions of Transylvania, Romania, such as Baia Mare and Copşa Mică.

This study investigates whether trees growing in industrially polluted areas accumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals in their wood compared to those in unpolluted areas. We analysed the concentrations of manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in tree-rings of two broad-leaved species-European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea), in two regions heavily impacted by industrial pollution. To assess the dynamics of heavy metal accumulation in wood, we used two analytical methods: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF).

ICP-MS results showed significantly higher Mn concentrations in European beech wood from the intensively polluted site in Baia Mare. In contrast, XRF analyses reveald higher Mn levels in beech trees from unpolluted area, particularly in Copşa Mică. XRF also indicated high Zn levels in both tree species from intensively polluted site in Copşa Mică, and higher Cu concentrations in sessile oak from the same region. Pb was detected in Baia Mare samples, and its concentrations did not significantly differ between polluted and unpolluted sites.

These findings highlight species- and site-specific patterns of heavy metal accumulation and underscore the complexity of tree responses to long-term industrial pollution.

城市扩张、工业化和交通强度的增加是对人类健康、福祉和森林生态系统的主要全球威胁，因为它们造成了空气、土壤和水污染。这种环境退化的一个显著例子是东欧阔叶林的枯死，特别是在罗马尼亚特兰西瓦尼亚的严重污染地区，例如巴亚马雷和科米齐亚。这项研究调查了生长在工业污染地区的树木是否比未污染地区的树木在木材中积累了更高浓度的重金属。本文分析了工业污染严重地区两种阔叶树种欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）和无根栎（Quercus petaea）树木年轮中锰（Mn）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）和铜（Cu）的含量。为了评估木材中重金属积累的动态，我们使用了两种分析方法：电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和x射线荧光光谱（XRF）。ICP-MS结果显示，来自Baia Mare污染严重地区的欧洲山毛榉木材中Mn浓度显著升高。相比之下，XRF分析显示，来自未受污染地区的山毛榉树中Mn含量较高，特别是在cop micei。XRF还显示，来自cop micei污染严重地区的两种树种中锌含量均较高，而来自同一地区的无根栎中铜含量较高。在白亚海样品中检测到铅，污染场地和未污染场地的铅浓度差异不显著。这些发现突出了物种和地点特定的重金属积累模式，并强调了树木对长期工业污染反应的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

PAN pollution during PM2.5 episodes in a traffic hub city in central China: mechanisms and implications 中国中部某交通枢纽城市PM2.5期间PAN污染：机制与启示

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102717

Xinshuai Song , Xiao Li , Dong Zhang , Zhe Dong , Xuan Lu , Bowen Zhang , Ruiqin Zhang

Given their detrimental impacts on human health, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and PM_2.5 have garnered increasing attention. This paper investigates PAN pollution during various PM_2.5 pollution episodes in Zhengzhou in December 2022. The average concentrations of PAN and PM_2.5 were 0.8 ± 0.9 ppbv and 78 ± 68 μg/m³, respectively, with maximum values reaching 5.0 ppbv and 309 μg/m³. A notable correlation (R² = 0.63) was observed between PAN and PM_2.5. The concentration of PAN increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution periods, indicating that particulate matter promotes the formation of PAN. At elevated temperatures, PAN is readily decomposed in the atmosphere. In winter, the average concentration of TPAN (thermally decomposed PAN) was 0.016 ppbv, accounting for approximately 2 % of the total PAN, a figure lower than that in spring (29 %). The proportion of TPAN showed a substantial increase during periods with frequent PM_2.5 pollution events in winter. Compared to clean days, both the decomposition rate and concentration of PAN were higher during PM_2.5 pollution episodes in winter, suggesting enhanced PAN formation. PAN concentrations at observation stations were evaluated using a normalized index (denoted as "Y") based on vertical air mass movement. By analyzing meteorological conditions and precursor concentrations during different PM_2.5 pollution periods, it was found that local pollution in Zhengzhou was significantly influenced by horizontal and vertical transmission, particularly during clean days. This study contributes to understanding the factors behind the increase in PAN concentration and underscores the promoting role of particulate matter in PAN production.

由于过氧乙酰硝酸盐（PAN）和PM2.5对人体健康的有害影响，它们越来越受到人们的关注。本文研究了2022年12月郑州市各次PM2.5污染事件中PAN的污染情况。PAN和PM2.5的平均浓度分别为0.8±0.9 ppbv和78±68 μg/m3，最大值分别为5.0 ppbv和309 μg/m3。PAN与PM2.5呈显著相关（R2 = 0.63）。在PM2.5污染期间，PAN浓度显著升高，说明颗粒物促进了PAN的形成。在高温下，聚丙烯腈在大气中很容易分解。冬季TPAN（热分解PAN）的平均浓度为0.016 ppbv，约占总PAN的2%，低于春季的29%。在冬季PM2.5污染事件频发的时期，TPAN的比例大幅上升。与晴空相比，冬季PM2.5污染时段PAN的分解速率和浓度均较高，表明PAN的形成增强。观测站的PAN浓度使用基于垂直气团运动的归一化指数（表示为“Y”）进行评估。通过分析气象条件和不同PM2.5污染时段的前体浓度，发现郑州市局部污染受到水平和垂直传播的显著影响，特别是在清洁日。本研究有助于了解聚丙烯腈浓度增加的原因，并强调了颗粒物对聚丙烯腈产生的促进作用。

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引用次数: 0

Emission control strategies in gasoline compression ignition engine 汽油压缩点火发动机排放控制策略

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102726

Vallinayagam Raman, Viollet Yoann, Christos Kalamaras, Junseok Chang

Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) involves lean burn combustion process using gasoline fuels under a compression ignition operation. The benefits of GCI can be further enhanced by optimizing fuel formulation in the refinery and thereby lower the Well-to-Wheel Carbon dioxide (CO_2eq) in the entire hydrocarbon life cycle. This study investigates the control strategies to reduce emissions and improve efficiency in GCI engine. The GCI engine configuration entails a re-entrant piston bowl with CR = 14.5, centrally mounted multi-hole injector, spark plug located at a distance from injector, variable valve train system and pent-roof combustion chamber. The gasoline fuel was formulated to have Research Octane Number (RON) = 77 and tested in a GCI engine. In the experiments, the effect of fuel injection timing (single and double), injection pressure and exhaust gas re-circualation (EGR) on GCI is investigated. In an attempt to reduce the tail pipe emissions and meet the US Tier 3 Bin30 emission standards, a prototype gasoline oxidation catalyst (GOC) was incorporated and tested. The engine test results show that fuel injection pressure = 200 bar covers the wider range of fuel injection timing from late (−10 CAD aTDC) to early (−85 CAD aTDC). Despite utilizing increased EGR fraction up to 25 %, the engine out NO_X emission target could not be achieved based on single injection strategy. With double injection (SOI 1st = −320 CAD aTDC & SOI 2nd = −40 CAD aTDC), the NO_X emission is 60 % below engine out target emission with near zero smoke emission for a reasonable indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) = 190 g/kWh and maximum rate of pressure rise (MRPR) = 5 bar even without using EGR. While double injection strategy reduces the burden on EGR and meets the engine out emission targets, the HC emission is 86 % higher than the target. The Gasoline oxidation catalyst (GOC) tested to reduce the engine out and tail pipe emissions showed conversion efficiencies of 88 % and 98 % for HC and CO, respectively. Overall, the engine and fuel were co-optimized to achieve better fuel consumption and meet all required emission targets expect the HC emission.

汽油压缩点火（GCI）是利用汽油燃料在压缩点火操作下进行稀燃燃烧的过程。通过优化炼油厂的燃料配方，可以进一步增强GCI的优势，从而降低整个碳氢化合物生命周期中从油井到车轮的二氧化碳（CO2eq）。本文研究了GCI发动机的控制策略，以减少排放和提高效率。GCI发动机的配置包括一个CR = 14.5的再入式活塞碗，中央安装的多孔喷油器，火花塞位于距离喷油器较远的位置，可变气门机构系统和前置燃烧室。该汽油燃料的配方为研究辛烷值(RON) = 77，并在GCI发动机上进行了测试。在试验中，研究了喷油正时（单次和双次）、喷油压力和废气再循环（EGR）对GCI的影响。为了减少尾管排放并达到美国Tier 3 Bin30排放标准，测试人员采用了汽油氧化催化剂（GOC）的原型。发动机试验结果表明，燃油喷射压力= 200 bar涵盖了从后期（- 10 CAD aTDC）到早期（- 85 CAD aTDC）的更大范围的燃油喷射正时。尽管EGR分数提高了25%，但单次喷射仍无法达到发动机的NOX排放目标。采用双喷射（SOI 1 = - 320 CAD aTDC; SOI 2 = - 40 CAD aTDC），氮氧化物排放量比发动机目标排放量低60%，在合理指示的比油耗(ISFC) = 190 g/kWh，最大压力上升率(MRPR) = 5 bar的情况下，即使不使用EGR，烟气排放也接近于零。双喷策略降低了EGR负担，满足了发动机排放指标，但HC排放比指标高出86%。汽油氧化催化剂（GOC）用于减少发动机和尾管排放的测试结果显示，HC和CO的转化效率分别为88%和98%。总体而言，发动机和燃料进行了协同优化，以实现更好的燃油消耗，并满足除HC排放外的所有要求排放目标。

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引用次数: 0

Determinants of traffic-related BC and PM1 exposure variability in urban functional zones 城市功能区交通相关BC和PM1暴露变异性的决定因素

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102714

Zhen Liu, Zhaowen Qiu, Jiatian Zhai

Black carbon (BC) and submicron particles (PM₁), as key constituents of traffic-related particulate matter, pose significant risks to public health. Given the variability in traffic characteristics across different urban functional zones, roadside exposure to these pollutants can vary markedly. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variation and determinants of BC and PM₁ concentrations across three distinct urban functional zones—logistics, residential and business—in the Weiyang District of Xi'an City, China. Stationary field monitoring was conducted, and generalized additive models (GAMs) were employed to quantify and compare the determinants of BC and PM₁ levels across these functional zones. The results reveal that both BC and PM₁ concentrations were substantially higher in the logistics zone than in the residential and business zones. With increasing traffic speed, the level of BC followed a U-shaped pattern in both residential and logistics zones, while that of PM₁ was characterized by a monotonic upward trend in the residential zone. During severe traffic congestion, BC and PM₁ levels sharply increased across the three selected urban functional zones. Traffic speed and meteorological factors were the major determinants of BC and PM₁ in urban functional zones, whereas the travel time index had a significant impact on BC and PM₁ in the logistics zone only. These findings provide valuable insight for developing made-to-measure strategies.

黑碳（BC）和亚微米颗粒（PM1）作为交通相关颗粒物的主要成分，对公众健康构成重大风险。鉴于不同城市功能区的交通特征存在差异，路边暴露于这些污染物的程度可能会有显著差异。本研究探讨了西安市未阳区三个不同城市功能区（物流、居住和商业）中BC和PM1浓度的时空变化及其影响因素。进行了固定现场监测，并采用广义加性模型（GAMs）来量化和比较这些功能区BC和PM1水平的决定因素。结果表明，物流区BC和PM1浓度均明显高于居住区和商业区。随着交通速度的增加，BC在居住区和物流区均呈u型上升趋势，而PM1在居住区呈单调上升趋势。在交通严重拥堵期间，三个选定的城市功能区的BC和PM1水平急剧上升。交通速度和气象因子是城市功能区BC和PM1的主要决定因素，而出行时间指标仅在物流区对BC和PM1有显著影响。这些发现为开发量身定制的策略提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying air pollution characteristics, source apportionment methods, and air quality modeling approaches in transport hub settings: State-of-play and future directions 在交通枢纽环境中识别空气污染特征、来源分配方法和空气质量建模方法：现状和未来方向

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102709

Shanmuga Priyan , Yuxuan Guo , Brian M. Broderick , Brian Caulfield , Aonghus McNabola , Margaret O'Mahony , John Thornes , John Gallagher

This review synthesises the current state-of-the-art in air quality (AQ) research relating to current monitoring and modeling methods focused on transport hub (TH) settings. Air pollution characteristics from monitoring studies revealed that higher concentrations of PM₂.₅ (12.4–147.8 μg/m³) and SO₂ (54.1–78.3 μg/m³) dominated AQ issues in ports. Train terminals were impacted by NO₂ (52.2–472.5 μg/m³), with VOCs (123–973 ppb) and UFPs (5 × 10³ to 4.8 × 10⁶ particles/cm³) considerably higher at airports. Bivariate polar plots, data filtration techniques, and regression models were considered relatively simple, resource-efficient, and effective source apportionment methods to assess AQ (SO₂, NO₂ and UFP) from sources in and around THs. Speciated receptor modelling was more expensive, but is suitable for complex environments to evaluate multi-pollutant (PM and VOCs) conditions. Gaussian models demonstrated better agreement than Eulerian and Lagrangian models at airports, with Eulerian models slightly outperforming Gaussian models in port settings. Additionally, Eulerian was the most effective methods to model secondary pollutants and over long distances. Limited AQ research focused on small-scale semi-enclosed THs, such as bus and train terminals, with an additional knowledge gap of indoor AQ in port and airport buildings. Improved characterisation of pollutants like VOCs, BC, and PAHs would benefit climate and health impact assessments at THs, with the integration of AI offering a means to enhance monitoring and management AQ at Tin these settings in the future.

这篇综述综合了当前最先进的空气质量（AQ）研究，涉及当前的监测和建模方法，重点是交通枢纽（TH）设置。监测研究的空气污染特征表明，PM2.5 （12.4-147.8 μg/m3）和SO2 （54.1-78.3 μg/m3）浓度较高是港口空气质量问题的主要特征。列车终点站受到NO2 （52.2 ~ 472.5 μg/m3）的影响，机场VOCs （123 ~ 973 ppb）和ufp （5 × 103 ~ 4.8 × 106颗粒/cm3）显著升高。二元极坐标图、数据过滤技术和回归模型被认为是相对简单、资源高效和有效的来源分配方法，用于评估来自THs及其周围来源的AQ （SO2、NO2和UFP）。特定受体模型的成本较高，但适用于复杂环境中多污染物（PM和VOCs）的评估。高斯模型在机场表现出比欧拉模型和拉格朗日模型更好的一致性，欧拉模型在港口设置中略优于高斯模型。此外，欧拉是模拟二次污染物和长距离的最有效方法。有限的空气质量研究集中在小型半封闭的室内空气质量，如公共汽车和火车终点站，对港口和机场建筑物的室内空气质量有额外的了解。改善挥发性有机化合物、BC和多环芳烃等污染物的特征，将有利于对THs进行气候和健康影响评估，人工智能的整合为未来在这些环境中加强对AQ的监测和管理提供了一种手段。

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引用次数: 0

Inhalation associated health risk assessment of atmospheric gaseous and size-resolved particulate PAHs in a large temperature range of 50 °C 50°C大温度范围内大气气态和尺寸分解颗粒多环芳烃的吸入相关健康风险评估

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102706

De-Qi Wang , Shi-Ming Jia , Li-Yan Liu , Chang-Yu Weng , Wan-Li Ma

Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an important issue worldwide, but those by accounting for airborne particle sizes over temperature ranges up to 50 °C are limited. This study comprehensively investigated benzo[a]pyrene equivalency (BaP_eq) and cancer risk (CR) under the above-mentioned conditions. The contributions to BaP_eq from PAHs associated with fine particles became higher gradually as air penetrated deeper into the respiratory tract. Particle size ranges with the highest contribution to BaP_eq of particulate PAHs exhibited variations across respiratory regions and sampling periods. The sum of BaP_eq values of particulate and gaseous PAHs were higher than the annual limit in the Ambient Air Quality Standards of China at extremely low temperatures. The high BaP_eq of particulate PAHs were mainly caused by enhanced emission intensity and adverse atmospheric diffusion condition. The BaP_eq of gaseous PAHs was mainly influenced by both atmospheric diffusion and photochemical degradation of vapor phase compounds. Accordingly, the CR covering all age ranges was investigated. People aged 5 to <6, 6 to <9 and 18–44 years old had the highest total CR for children, adolescents and adults, respectively. The CRs of general population of all ages were negligible. However, workers operating outdoors for a long time may experience potential CR due to exposure to inhaled PAHs at extremely low temperatures. This study provided theoretical basis to implement size-resolved control standards and suitable PAH protection strategies in cold regions.

多环芳烃（PAHs）的健康风险评估是世界范围内的一个重要问题，但考虑到50°C温度范围内空气中颗粒大小的评估是有限的。本研究综合考察了上述条件下苯并[a]芘当量（BaPeq）和癌症风险（CR）。随着空气深入呼吸道，与细颗粒相关的多环芳烃对BaPeq的贡献逐渐增加。颗粒型多环芳烃对BaPeq贡献最大的粒径范围在不同的呼吸区和采样周期表现出差异。在极低温条件下，颗粒物和气态多环芳烃的BaPeq值之和均高于《中国环境空气质量标准》规定的年限值。颗粒物多环芳烃的高BaPeq主要是由于排放强度增强和不利的大气扩散条件所致。气态多环芳烃的BaPeq主要受大气扩散和气相化合物光化学降解的影响。因此，调查了所有年龄段的CR。5 - 6岁、6 - 9岁和18-44岁的儿童、青少年和成人的总CR分别最高。所有年龄人群的cr均可忽略不计。然而，长时间在户外工作的工人由于在极低的温度下吸入多环芳烃，可能会经历潜在的CR。该研究为寒区实施尺寸分辨控制标准和适宜的多环芳烃防护策略提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Identification and evaluation of odor emissions from a petrochemical production area in China 中国某石化生产区气味排放的识别与评价

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102818

Yunxia Feng, Jinchan Peng, Yirong Guo, Qingrun Li, Anshan Xiao, Rui Dong, Dewu Ding, Mingjun Li

The identification of key odorants is crucial for pinpointing the control targets associated with odor issues in petrochemical production areas. Air samples from three production units were collected within a petrochemical production area, and the concentrations of 132 key volatile organic compounds were analyzed. The results indicated that high-concentration compounds primarily consisted of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, with alkanes comprising over 50 %. The odor activity value method was employed to assess the contribution of different components to odor pollution, revealing that sulfide and oxygenated organic compounds were the most significant contributors. Specifically, hydrogen sulfide and methanthiol were identified as major odor pollutants. The odor concentrations of air samples were determined by olfactometric sensory determination, and correlation analysis revealed that odor concentrations were correlated with sulfide, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs. All three process units exhibited potential carcinogenic risk, with aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons being the primary contributors, accounting for nearly 100 % of the total risk. Notably, the non-carcinogenic risk hazard index of the delayed coking unit was 4–6 times higher than that of the sour water stripping unit and wastewater treatment unit. Acrolein emerged as a key harmful component associated with non-carcinogenic risk, warranting particular attention. From the perspective of key odorants, this study provides valuable insights for addressing refinery odor issues, guiding the formulation of standards and odor pollution control measures.

关键气味剂的识别对于确定石化生产区域与气味问题相关的控制目标至关重要。采集了某石化生产区内3个生产单元的空气样本，分析了132种关键挥发性有机物的浓度。结果表明，高浓度化合物主要由烷烃、烯烃和芳烃组成，其中烷烃占50%以上。采用气味活性值法评估了不同组分对气味污染的贡献，发现硫化物和含氧有机化合物对气味污染的贡献最大。具体来说，硫化氢和甲硫醇被确定为主要的气味污染物。通过嗅觉感官测定测定了空气样品的气味浓度，相关性分析表明，气味浓度与硫化物、芳烃和含氧VOCs相关。所有三个工艺单元都显示出潜在的致癌风险，其中芳烃和卤代烃是主要贡献者，占总风险的近100%。值得注意的是，延迟焦化装置的非致癌风险危害指数比酸汽提装置和废水处理装置高4-6倍。丙烯醛是一种与非致癌风险相关的关键有害成分，值得特别关注。本研究从关键气味剂的角度出发，为解决炼油厂的气味问题、指导标准的制定和气味污染控制措施提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of anthropogenic dust on fine particulate matter in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region 人为扬尘对京津冀地区细颗粒物的影响

IF 3.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102701

Juan Lv , Yu-Hao Mao , Hong Liao

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region and its surrounding provinces in China represent a key zone for combating air pollution, with the primary objective of reducing fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). Anthropogenic fugitive, combustion, and industrial dust (AFCID) is a significant anthropogenic dust source in the composition of PM_2.5, which is often underrepresented in the global models. This study employed the GEOS-Chem model to quantitatively assess the effects of AFCID on PM_2.5 in BTH and its surroundings provinces in 2020. The Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) and the Integrated Exposure-Response Model (IER) were further employed to estimate the additional number of PM_2.5-related premature deaths due to AFCID emissions. The inclusion of AFCID emissions reduced the discrepancies in modeled versus observed daily mean PM_2.5 values in the five provinces (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, and Shandong) in 2020, with decreases of the normalized mean bias by 13.30 %–18.46 % and the normalized mean error by 1.14 %–6.94 %. The AFCID emissions contributed significantly to PM_2.5 concentrations in the five provinces, with the averaged annual and seasonal contributions ranging from 6.0 to 8.8 μg m⁻³ (17.2 %–21.1 %) and 4.2–12.4 μg m⁻³ (17.1 %–22.8 %), respectively. In terms of the numbers of PM_2.5-related premature deaths additionally due to AFCID emissions in the five provinces in 2020 were approximately from 3.6 thousand to 19.4 thousand (8.8 %–14.3 %) and 2.5 thousand to 12.8 thousand (7.3 %–13.0 %), respectively, calculated by GEMM and IER. Our study would offer a scientific foundation for understanding the compositions of PM_2.5 in BTH, as well as for formulating corresponding emission reduction strategies.

中国的京津冀地区及其周边省份是对抗空气污染的关键区域，其主要目标是减少细颗粒物（PM2.5）。人为逸散性、燃烧性和工业粉尘（AFCID）是PM2.5组成中一个重要的人为粉尘源，但在全球模式中往往未被充分代表。本研究采用GEOS-Chem模型定量评价了2020年北京及周边省份AFCID对PM2.5的影响。进一步采用全球暴露死亡率模型（GEMM）和综合暴露反应模型（IER）来估计由于AFCID排放而导致的与pm2.5相关的额外过早死亡人数。纳入AFCID排放后，2020年北京、天津、河北、河南、山东五省PM2.5日均值与观测值的差异减小，归一化平均偏差减小13.30% ~ 18.46%，归一化平均误差减小1.14% ~ 6.94%。AFCID排放对5省PM2.5浓度的贡献显著，年和季节平均贡献分别为6.0 ~ 8.8 μ m−3（17.2% ~ 21.1%）和4.2 ~ 12.4 μ m−3（17.1% ~ 22.8%）。根据GEMM和IER的计算，2020年五省与pm2.5相关的过早死亡人数分别约为3.6万至1.94万（8.8% - 14.3%）和2500万至1.28万（7.3% - 13.0%）。本研究将为了解北京市区PM2.5的组成，制定相应的减排策略提供科学依据。

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引用次数: 0