Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection and its Health Perspective: A Review.

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Current pharmaceutical biotechnology Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI:10.2174/0113892010310231240529075731

Abisha Thomas, Nagarjuna Palathoti, Mohammed Afzal Azam

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Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a potential threat globally since it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the ability of MRSA to develop resistance and adapt to various environments makes it exceptional from other bacterial strains. Effective management is best determined by the site of infection.

Objectives: This study aims to summarize and assess the epidemiology of MRSA, resistance, detection of MRSA in humans, animals, and food products, treatment employed, and combination therapy.

Methods: For the present review, we collected data from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, BioMed Central, Medline, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect that report the epidemiology of MRSA, drug resistance in MRSA, spread of MRSA infection, diagnosis of infection, existing and emerging remedies of MRSA infections. Collected data were analyzed and represented in this article with the help of Figures and Tables.

Results: S. aureus resistance to vancomycin is because of genetic adaptation and also due to the widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of MRSA infection. Specifically, infections related to vancomycin-resistant S. aureus are life-threatening and difficult to treat. MRSA epidemiology with the recognition of community-acquired-MRSA transmission between livestock and humans is also reported and is alarming. Multiple studies suggested that early detection of MRSA colonization and elimination of carriage can help reduce the risk of subsequent infection. Specifically, PCR-based screening from different body sites offers the highest overall sensitivity for the detection of MRSA carriage.

Conclusion: Screening novel mutants and methods of transmission in each environment will assist in managing MRSA. Further, effective MRSA control in all clinical setups is required with the avoidance of uncontrolled antibiotic usage.

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耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染及其健康前景：综述。

背景：耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一种潜在的全球威胁，因为它与高发病率和高死亡率有关。此外，MRSA 产生抗药性和适应各种环境的能力使其有别于其他细菌菌株。有效的治疗最好由感染部位决定：本研究旨在总结和评估 MRSA 的流行病学、耐药性、在人类、动物和食品中检测到的 MRSA、采用的治疗方法和联合疗法：在本综述中，我们从 PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、BioMed Central、Medline、Encyclopedia of Life Sciences、Scopus、Cochrane Library 和 ScienceDirect 中收集了有关 MRSA 流行病学、MRSA 耐药性、MRSA 感染传播、感染诊断、MRSA 感染的现有疗法和新疗法的数据。本文借助图表对收集到的数据进行了分析和表述：结果：金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药性是由基因适应性造成的，同时也是由于在治疗 MRSA 感染时广泛滥用抗生素造成的。具体而言，耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌感染会危及生命，而且难以治疗。有报告称，MRSA 流行病学已认识到社区获得性 MRSA 在家畜和人类之间的传播，这令人担忧。多项研究表明，早期检测 MRSA 定植和消除携带可帮助降低后续感染的风险。具体而言，基于 PCR 技术的不同身体部位筛查对检测 MRSA 带菌具有最高的总体灵敏度：结论：在各种环境中筛查新型变异体和传播方式将有助于控制 MRSA。此外，还需要在所有临床环境中有效控制 MRSA，避免无节制地使用抗生素。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology 医学-生化与分子生物学

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

3.60%

发文量

203

审稿时长

6 months

期刊介绍： Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology aims to cover all the latest and outstanding developments in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Each issue of the journal includes timely in-depth reviews, original research articles and letters written by leaders in the field, covering a range of current topics in scientific areas of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Invited and unsolicited review articles are welcome. The journal encourages contributions describing research at the interface of drug discovery and pharmacological applications, involving in vitro investigations and pre-clinical or clinical studies. Scientific areas within the scope of the journal include pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry and genetics, molecular and cellular biology, and polymer and materials sciences as they relate to pharmaceutical science and biotechnology. In addition, the journal also considers comprehensive studies and research advances pertaining food chemistry with pharmaceutical implication. Areas of interest include: DNA/protein engineering and processing Synthetic biotechnology Omics (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and systems biology) Therapeutic biotechnology (gene therapy, peptide inhibitors, enzymes) Drug delivery and targeting Nanobiotechnology Molecular pharmaceutics and molecular pharmacology Analytical biotechnology (biosensing, advanced technology for detection of bioanalytes) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Applied Microbiology Bioinformatics (computational biopharmaceutics and modeling) Environmental biotechnology Regenerative medicine (stem cells, tissue engineering and biomaterials) Translational immunology (cell therapies, antibody engineering, xenotransplantation) Industrial bioprocesses for drug production and development Biosafety Biotech ethics Special Issues devoted to crucial topics, providing the latest comprehensive information on cutting-edge areas of research and technological advances, are welcome. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is an essential journal for academic, clinical, government and pharmaceutical scientists who wish to be kept informed and up-to-date with the latest and most important developments.