Simulated soil erosion predominantly affects fungal abundance in the rapeseed rhizosphere

Abstract

Eroded agricultural soils have reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) levels that may affect the plant-microbiome interactions in the rhizosphere. We explored the impact of simulated erosion on major microbial groups in a pot experiment with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) grown on arable soil with the potential to capture SOC. An erosion gradient was simulated by admixture (0%, 12%, 24%) of subsoil horizon (Bt) to topsoil (Ap) material. Rapeseed plants were pulse-labeled with ¹⁴CO₂ at three growth stages and two soil compartments (bulk and rhizosphere soil) were sampled. Fungal ITS copy numbers were consistently higher in the rhizosphere and decreased with progressing plant growth stages. A significant increase of bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies in the rhizosphere only occurred at flowering. A response of fungal abundance to subsoil admixture was found detectable based on fungi:Bacteria and fungi:Archaea ratio at flowering. Archaea were neither affected by soil compartment nor subsoil admixture. ¹⁴C activity of microbial biomass, an indicator for relative input of freshly assimilated C into soil microbiome, was impacted by growth stage and compartment and decreased with ongoing growth stage. During the rosette growth stage, the ¹⁴C activity of the microbial biomass was elevated in the rhizosphere of the eroded soil indicating a plant response to the erosion factor. Our experiment revealed a compositional separation of the fungal community along the simulated erosion gradient and a selection of fungi for the two different soil compartments at flowering. Olpidimycetes, Fusarium and Rhizopus and putative pathogens were enriched in the rhizosphere at flowering. Fungi may have a competitive advantage in the rhizosphere of strongly eroded and nutrient diluted soils due to ecological adaptation and morphological traits i.e. hyphae that can bypass soil areas with low nutrient availability.