Persistent and lagged effects of fire on stream solutes linked to intermittent precipitation in arid lands

IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Biogeochemistry Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI:10.1007/s10533-024-01154-y
Heili Lowman, Joanna Blaszczak, Ashley Cale, Xiaoli Dong, Stevan Earl, Julia Grabow, Nancy B. Grimm, Tamara K. Harms, John Melack, Ann Marie Reinhold, Betsy Summers, Alex J. Webster
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Abstract

Increased occurrence, size, and intensity of fire result in significant but variable changes to hydrology and material retention in watersheds with concomitant effects on stream biogeochemistry. In arid regions, seasonal and episodic precipitation results in intermittency in flows connecting watersheds to recipient streams that can delay the effects of fire on stream chemistry. We investigated how the spatial extent of fire within watersheds interacts with variability in amount and timing of precipitation to influence stream chemistry of three forested, montane watersheds in a monsoonal climate and four coastal, chaparral watersheds in a Mediterranean climate. We applied state-space models to estimate effects of precipitation, fire, and their interaction on stream chemistry up to five years following fire using 15 + years of monthly observations. Precipitation alone diluted specific conductance and flushed nitrate and phosphate to Mediterranean streams. Fire had positive and negative effects on specific conductance in both climates, whereas ammonium and nitrate concentrations increased following fire in Mediterranean streams. Fire and precipitation had positive interactive effects on specific conductance in monsoonal streams and on ammonium in Mediterranean streams. In most cases, the effects of fire and its interaction with precipitation persisted or were lagged 2–5 years. These results suggest that precipitation influences the timing and intensity of the effects of fire on stream solute dynamics in aridland watersheds, but these responses vary by climate, solute, and watershed characteristics. Time series models were applied to data from long-term monitoring that included observations before and after fire, yielding estimated effects of fire on aridland stream chemistry. This statistical approach captured effects of local-scale temporal variation, including delayed responses to fire, and may be used to reduce uncertainty in predicted responses of water quality under changing fire and precipitation regimes of arid lands.

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火灾对与干旱地区间歇性降水有关的溪流溶质的持续和滞后影响
火灾发生率、规模和强度的增加会导致流域的水文和物质滞留发生重大但多变的变化,同时对溪流的生物地球化学产生影响。在干旱地区,季节性和偶发性降水会导致连接流域和受水区溪流的水流时断时续,从而延迟火灾对溪流化学的影响。我们研究了流域内火灾的空间范围如何与降水量和降水时间的变化相互作用,从而影响季风气候下三个山地森林流域和地中海气候下四个沿海荒漠流域的溪流化学。我们利用状态空间模型,通过 15 年以上的月度观测,估算了降水、火灾及其相互作用对火灾后五年内溪流化学的影响。降水本身稀释了比电导率,并将硝酸盐和磷酸盐冲入地中海溪流。在两种气候条件下,火灾对比电导率都有积极和消极的影响,而在地中海溪流中,火灾后铵盐和硝酸盐的浓度都有所增加。火灾和降水对季风溪流的比电导率和地中海溪流的铵有积极的交互影响。在大多数情况下,火灾及其与降水的交互作用会持续或滞后 2-5 年。这些结果表明,降水会影响火灾对干旱地区流域溪流溶质动态影响的时间和强度,但这些反应因气候、溶质和流域特征而异。时间序列模型被应用于包括火灾前后观测数据在内的长期监测数据,从而估算出火灾对干旱地区溪流化学的影响。这种统计方法捕捉到了地方尺度时间变化的影响,包括对火灾的延迟反应,可用于减少在干旱地区火灾和降水变化情况下预测水质反应的不确定性。
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来源期刊
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
5.00%
发文量
112
审稿时长
3.2 months
期刊介绍: Biogeochemistry publishes original and synthetic papers dealing with biotic controls on the chemistry of the environment, or with the geochemical control of the structure and function of ecosystems. Cycles are considered, either of individual elements or of specific classes of natural or anthropogenic compounds in ecosystems. Particular emphasis is given to coupled interactions of element cycles. The journal spans from the molecular to global scales to elucidate the mechanisms driving patterns in biogeochemical cycles through space and time. Studies on both natural and artificial ecosystems are published when they contribute to a general understanding of biogeochemistry.
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