Seasonal Groundwater Level Dynamics in Unconfined Aquifers across the United States.

Ground water Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-10 DOI:10.1111/gwat.13422
Mason O Stahl, Tyler Mar, Yusuf Jameel
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Abstract

Groundwater hydrographs contain a rich set of information on the dynamics of aquifer systems and the processes and properties that influence them. While the importance of seasonal cycles in hydrologic and environmental state variables is widely recognized there has yet to be a comprehensive analysis of the seasonal dynamics of groundwater across the United States. Here we use time series of groundwater level measurements from 997 wells from the National Groundwater Monitoring Network to identify and describe groundwater seasonal cycles in unconfined aquifers across the United States. We use functional data analysis to obtain a functional form fit for each site and apply an unsupervised clustering algorithm to identify a set of five distinct seasonal cycles regimes. Each seasonal cycle regime has a distinctive shape and distinct timing of its annual minimum and maximum water level. There are clear spatial patterns in the occurrence of each seasonal cycle regime, with the relative occurrence of each regime strongly influenced by the geologic setting (aquifer system), climate, and topography. Our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of groundwater seasonal cycles across much of the United States and present both a methodology and results useful for assessing and understanding unconfined groundwater systems.

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全美非封闭含水层的季节性地下水位动态。
地下水水文图包含有关含水层系统动态以及影响含水层系统的过程和特性的丰富信息。虽然人们普遍认识到水文和环境状态变量中季节周期的重要性,但对全美地下水的季节动态还没有进行过全面的分析。在此,我们利用国家地下水监测网的 997 口水井的地下水位测量时间序列来识别和描述全美非承压含水层的地下水季节循环。我们使用函数数据分析来获得每个站点的函数形式拟合,并应用无监督聚类算法来识别一组五个不同的季节周期机制。每种季节循环机制都有独特的形状,其年度最低水位和最高水位的时间也各不相同。每种季节循环机制的出现都有明显的空间模式,每种机制的相对出现都受到地质环境(含水层系统)、气候和地形的强烈影响。我们的研究结果全面描述了美国大部分地区地下水季节循环的特点,并提出了一种方法和结果,有助于评估和了解非封闭地下水系统。
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