Identification of solid phase speciation of trace elements in dust dry deposition using focused ion beam and selected area electron diffraction

Abstract

Background

Few studies have been conducted to identify solid phase speciation of trace elements within the interior of airborne particles, although the adverse effects of ambient particles are closely related to the speciation of toxic elements and therefore the identification of chemical binding sites and solid phase associations is essential for assessing the impacts of trace elements in ambient air on environmental quality and human health.

Objective

A combined use of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the solid phase speciation of trace elements within the interior of dust dry deposition obtained from an urban area.

Results

The study results using the high-resolution microscopic techniques for the characterization of nano- and micron-sized particles revealed lead chromate for Pb and Cr⁶⁺, barite for Ba, rutile for Ti, and calcite, gypsum, and quicklime for Ca within the carbon matrix, implying their traffic-related sources. Fe oxides were observed for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr³⁺, with cerianite and Fe-La alloys for rare earth elements (REEs).

Conclusions

Three types of anthropogenic sources were inferred based on the morphology and texture of the solid phases, as well as their primary usage: traffic road marking paints for Pb, Cr⁶⁺, Ba, and Ti, cement materials for Ca, and industrial activities for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr³⁺, and REEs. The presence of submicron-sized toxic metal-bearing particles in dust dry deposition indicated that the toxic metals (i.e., Pb, Cr⁶⁺) can penetrate into the respiratory system along with the nanoparticles. The study results demonstrate that the solid phase speciation of trace elements detected using FIB-SEM and TEM-SAED can be effectively utilized for the identification of sources and the assessment of chemical toxicity of atmospheric dust.