Journal of trace elements and minerals最新文献

{"title":"Health risk assessment of metal contamination in cow milk, fodder and water from six industrial regions of Central India","authors":"Anuradha Sharma ,&nbsp;Shashi Gupta ,&nbsp;Kamlesh Shrivas ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Chandra","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Milk is a vital source of proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins that are very important components needed for development of overall health. However, intake of contaminated milk containing metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) resulted the public health concern linked to environmental pollution in industrial areas.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This investigation focused on measurement of Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd levels in cow milk, water, and fodder samples using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and health risks assessment was performed across different age groups.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>The concentration of metals in milk, water, and fodder samples were analyzed using AAS. Furthermore, the study evaluated the possible health risks from consumption of contaminated milk across different age groups by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The concentration of Cd and Pb were found higher at site A (0.038 mg Kg⁻¹) and site E (0.459 mg kg⁻¹) which surpassed the threshold limits. Health risk assessment revealed the estimated daily intake (EDI) for Cd up to 8.8×10⁻⁴ mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ (110% PTMI) and Pb up to 7.6×10⁻³ mg Kg⁻¹BW⁻¹ day⁻¹ (158% PTWI) in infants exceeded the safety limit. Target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Pb at site-E (2.17), site-F (1.83), and site-C (1.63) in infants surpassed the threshold limit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These elevated levels of metal in milk were strongly linked to the industrial activities in the regions and related with contamination in water and fodder samples. This study presented the first integrated risk profile for milk contamination in central India and provided the crucial data for policymakers to ensure food safety and protect vulnerable populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gallium-infused nanomaterials for cancer theranostics and biosensing: Advancement and translation outlooks","authors":"Suraj Kumar ,&nbsp;Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar ,&nbsp;Javedh Shareef ,&nbsp;Tarun Wadhwa ,&nbsp;Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi ,&nbsp;Rishabha Malviya","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Liquid metals have recently gained considerable attention in biomedical research due to their versatility and superior functional performance. Among them, gallium stands out as a valuable nuclear medicinal element owing to its intrinsic radioactivity and established applications in orthopedic disorders, calcium metabolism abnormalities, and cancer. Its distinct physical and chemical properties further position gallium as an excellent candidate for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic systems.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose and methodology</h3><div>This review aims to consolidate and critically evaluate recent advancements in gallium-based nanotechnologies by synthesizing findings from contemporary experimental studies, technological innovations, and patent literature. The analysis integrates multidisciplinary evidence covering cancer therapy, biomedical imaging, biosensing, molecular interaction studies, and targeted drug delivery strategies to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of gallium-enabled nanosystems.</div></div><div><h3>Observations</h3><div>Gallium-based nanoconjugates have demonstrated enhanced anticancer effects across various therapeutic modalities, including photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Parallel advancements in imaging technologies and biosensing systems highlight gallium’s strong diagnostic potential. Additionally, the expanding patent landscape for gallium-based nanoplatforms underscores growing interest in their clinical translation, particularly for oncology-focused applications.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Gallium-containing nanostructures exhibit significant promise as multifunctional agents for cancer theranostics. Ongoing innovation in materials engineering, mechanistic understanding, and translational research is anticipated to accelerate their movement toward clinical application further.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace elements as strategic determinants of dairy cattle claw health - A targeted narrative review","authors":"Ibrahim Akin,&nbsp;Yalcin Alper Ozturan,&nbsp;Simge Nur Cayirtepe","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lameness is a major health and welfare concern in dairy cattle, primarily driven by claw disorders such as sole ulcers, white line disease, and heel erosion. Trace elements, although required in small amounts, are essential for enzymatic activity, keratinization, antioxidant defense, and tissue repair – all critical for maintaining claw integrity.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This targeted narrative review aims to evaluate the role of key trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, cobalt, and iron) in claw health and to assess their potential in preventing lameness within herd health programs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Although systematic elements were applied (search strategy, predefined eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal), this work was not designed as a full PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Of 79 identified studies, 20 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively. Extracted data included mineral type, administration route, supplementation duration, and reported claw health outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dietary supplementation with organic trace minerals, particularly chelated forms, was associated with improved keratinization, claw hardness, and reduced lesion incidence. Topical applications, such as copper–zinc footbaths, yielded variable but promising results for digital dermatitis control. Histological analyses revealed that clinically recovered claws may still exhibit incomplete structural restoration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Trace minerals are fundamental for claw development and resilience. Strategic supplementation, both systemic and topical, can support lameness prevention and recovery. This review highlights the need for long-term studies to better understand mineral bioavailability, tissue-level effects, and integration into comprehensive claw health management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical processes and groundwater quality in the basement-sediment aquifer of Lapai, central Nigeria","authors":"Abdulwahid Kolawole Aweda ,&nbsp;Umar Mohammed Umar ,&nbsp;Abraham Onugba ,&nbsp;Aisha Musa ,&nbsp;Kayode Olayemi Ajibero ,&nbsp;Kehinde Olojoku Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sub-Saharan Africa countries, such as Nigeria rely heavily on groundwater resource to meet domestic, agricultural and industrial needs because of its sustainable nature, and growing demand fuelled by rising population explosion. Prior knowledge of groundwater evolution is significant for the preservation, and effective use of water resources, as such knowledge is scarce present in basement-sediment aquifers. To achieve this, the basement-sediment aquifers in Lapai, Central Nigeria were assessed for their geochemistry and hydrochemical processes using field, laboratory and statistical methods. Groundwater samples from fifty (50) locations were collected within the study area and analyzed for this purpose. Sampling was done during peak dry season such that minimal interaction with surface water is present in the aquifer. Physical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) and chemical (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^-, NO₃ and SO₄^2-) parameters were considered for the investigation. Analysis and interpretation of the hydrochemical processes were done using hydrochemical modelling, bivariate plots and scatter diagrams. The study revealed dominant hydrochemical facies to be Ca-Mg-Cl (54%), Mg-Cl (32%) and Ca-Cl (14%) water facies. Silicate and carbonate weathering, as well as reverse ion exchange are the dominant hydrochemical processes regulating the groundwater chemistry in the groundwater from both basement and sedimentary aquifer. Oversaturation of carbonate minerals in the groundwater obtained from saturation indices modelling could lead to precipitation of carbonate minerals and co-precipitation of heavy metals from the aquifer at the right kinetic condition, leading to a reduction in heavy metals mobility and concentration. Assessment of the water quality suggest that the groundwater is generally suitable for consumption, although there is elevated nitrate above the WHO recommended limits in some of the samples (n=4) which signifies anthropogenic influence, requiring treatment before consumption</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental pollution and ecological risk assessment of total mercury and other potentially toxic elements in the Azzaba Fendek wadi sediments, Algeria","authors":"Rym Messaouda Kerdoun ,&nbsp;Laid Touati ,&nbsp;Leila Sahli ,&nbsp;Mohamed Amine Kerdoun","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mercury (Hg) contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses serious ecological and public health risks due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential transformation into methylmercury. The Fendek River and nearby quarries in the Algerian Azzaba district are potential hotspots of trace element pollution, where quarrying and industrial activities may significantly influence sediment quality.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives and methods</h3><div>This study evaluated total Mercury (THg) contamination in sediments from the Fendek River and adjacent quarries and analyzed associated physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter). Sediment samples were collected across 14 sites and analyzed in triplicate. Total mercury concentrations were determined using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CVAAS) with certified reference materials for quality assurance. The geo-accumulation index (I_geo) was applied to assess contamination levels and identify anthropogenic contributions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Total mercury concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 35.11 mg.kg⁻¹, with the highest values near quarry sites. Sediments were slightly alkaline (pH 7.71–8.18), with electrical conductivity ranging from 326.75 to 3824 µS·cm⁻¹ and organic matter content between 1.65% and 9.07%. The I_geo values indicated moderate to heavy THg contamination, particularly in sediments adjacent to quarries. Compared with natural background values (0.4 µg·kg⁻¹) and international sediment quality guidelines (170 µg·kg⁻¹; CCME), the studied sites show significant anthropogenic influence and ecological risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights substantial THg pollution in the Fendek River basin, mainly linked to quarrying activities. These findings underscore the need for regular monitoring, risk assessment, and remediation measures to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal burden and associated health risks in roadside sun-dried staple foods of southwestern nigeria","authors":"Adewale M. Taiwo ,&nbsp;Ayoola Akingbogun ,&nbsp;Oluwaseyi Z. Ojekunle ,&nbsp;Tajudeen A. Afolabi","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>:</em> Sun-drying of staple foods along roadsides in southwestern Nigeria exposes them to contamination from heavy-metal-laden dust, posing potential health risks.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This study assessed concentrations and health implications of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in 109 samples of sun-dried corn, cassava, plantain, and yam collected from five southwestern states in Nigeria, alongside laboratory controls. Metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Duncan Multiple Range Test (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Human health risk was evaluated through estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Corn recorded the highest toxic metal burdens, with mean concentrations of Pb = 1.23±0.39 mg·kg⁻¹, Cd = 0.23±0.06 mg·kg⁻¹, Cr = 0.80±0.56 mg·kg⁻¹, and Ni slightly &gt; 0.1 mg·kg⁻¹, exceeding Codex limits, whereas plantain showed the lowest levels. Cassava and yam exhibited intermediate contamination, while yam had the highest Fe (89.0 ± 9.00 mg·kg⁻¹) and elevated Cu (3.46±0.49 mg·kg⁻¹), reflecting nutritional value. Zinc levels were generally uniform, except for roadside sun-dried cassava, which showed a significant increase. Site-specific differences were observed, including elevated Pb and Cr in plantain from Owena, Ondo State. Health risk assessment indicated that corn posed the highest total non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 1.50) and carcinogenic risk (CR = 2.93 × 10⁻³), both exceeding the permissible limits of 1.0 and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴, respectively, thereby indicating potential adverse health effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings underscore the dual nutritional and toxicological implications of roadside sun-drying and the need for targeted food-safety interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyphenated mass spectroscopic detection of heavy metals in environmental and biological samples: A review","authors":"Ratnesh Tiwari ,&nbsp;Nihar Ranjan ,&nbsp;Mohini Chaurasia ,&nbsp;S.J.S. Flora","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Heavy metals constitute a major class of environmental contaminants with a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity. Their widespread use in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical applications has led to persistent accumulation in air, water, soil, and biological systems. Owing to their non-biodegradable nature, heavy metals readily bioaccumulate and magnify, posing severe risks to human health and ecosystems. Accurate detection and speciation of these metals are therefore essential to understanding their toxicity and environmental behaviour.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Traditional analytical techniques for metal detection are limited by high costs, laborious workflows, and insufficient sensitivity when applied to complex samples. Over the past two decades, hyphenated analytical platforms have emerged as powerful alternatives by integrating separation techniques such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and pyrolysis with advanced mass spectrometric detection. These combinations significantly enhance selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput while enabling precise speciation analysis across diverse matrices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review compiles and critically evaluates the major hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques—including GC–MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-ICP-MS, Py-GC–MS, nano-ESI-MS, TGA-MS, ToF-SIMS, AMS, and IC-MS—with representative applications in environmental, biological, food, and toxicological studies. Their advantages over conventional methods, such as lower detection limits, improved matrix tolerance, and multi-element capability, are highlighted alongside recent biological and environmental case studies. Challenges associated with instrumentation complexity, sample preparation, data processing, and on-site applicability are discussed. The review also outlines future prospects, emphasising the need for miniaturisation, user-friendly software, AI-assisted data interpretation, and portable field-deployable systems to improve accessibility and real-time monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-Synthesized selenium nanoparticles from Saraca asoca leaves: A multifunctional evaluation of antioxidant, anticoagulant, antigout and thrombolytic activities","authors":"Suhana Malik ,&nbsp;Prachi Tiwari ,&nbsp;Anuradha Singhaniya ,&nbsp;Chandrababu Rejeeth","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study presents the green synthesis and comprehensive biological evaluation of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) derived from <em>Saraca asoca</em> leaf extract.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The biosynthesized Se-NPs were characterized using UV – Visible spectroscopy, Fourier - transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming their nanoscale morphology and phytochemical capping. The antioxidant potential of Se-NPs was assessed via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>demonstrating significant activity with 73 ± 3.65% and 90 ± 4.5% inhibition, respectively, at 100 µg/mL. Antigout efficacy was evaluated through uric acid degradation and xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI), revealing dose- dependent activity with 62 ± 1.86% UA degradation at 19 mg/mL and 76% XOI at 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, Se-NPs exhibited notable anticoagulant and thrombolytic effects in mammalian blood, indicating their potential to modulates haemostatic pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Collectively, these findings underscore the multifunctional therapeutic properties of <em>Saraca asoca</em> -mediated Se-NPs, positioning them as promising candidates for future biomedical application targeting oxidant stress, hyperuricemia, thrombotic disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological risks of nutrient and metal contamination in Calabar River sediments, Nigeria","authors":"Honor T. Ifon ,&nbsp;Edak K. Agi-Odey ,&nbsp;Godwin A. Otogo ,&nbsp;Akaninyene P. Joseph","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2026.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The Calabar River in southeastern Nigeria faces severe pollution from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and urban wastewater, threatening its ecological integrity and the livelihoods of dependent communities, yet comprehensive risk assessments integrating nutrient enrichment and metal contamination remain limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study examined water and sediment quality at 16 locations along a 10.78 km stretch of the river. Water and surface sediment samples were analyzed for key physicochemical parameters, nutrients, and metals. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was used to assess the risk status of the river based on the metals analyzed, categorized as low to moderate, high, and extremely high.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Water quality varied across sites, with dissolved oxygen ranging from 3.80 ± 0.10 to 6.50 ± 0.14 mg L⁻¹ and total nitrogen from 5.07 ± 0.03 to 9.17 ± 0.11 mg L⁻¹. Sediment analysis showed elevated levels of lead (27.5 ± 0.9 to 34.0 ± 1.8 mg kg⁻¹), zinc (85.3 ± 3.8 to 138.3 ± 6.7 mg kg⁻¹), and nickel (24.7 ± 0.6 to 94.5 ± 0.6 mg kg⁻¹). PERI results identified sites S9, S10, and S4 as having extremely high ecological risk, mainly due to lead, zinc, and molybdenum. Lead alone contributed up to 29% of the total risk at some locations. Sites S7 and S16 showed low to moderate risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings reveal serious ecological threats from nutrient and metal pollution in the Calabar River, especially near industrial and agricultural zones. These results highlight the need for targeted pollution control and better environmental management to protect the river’s ecosystem and the communities that depend on it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of iron supplementation on exercise performance of women with non-anemic iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia - a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Fernanda Patti Nakamoto,&nbsp;Kauana Multini de Almeida,&nbsp;Larissa Canton Gonçalves,&nbsp;Marcus V.L. dos Santos Quaresma","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim and background</h3><div>Female athletes have been considered a risk group for non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) given iron loss situations (i.e., excessive blood lost during a menstrual cycle, eccentric muscle contraction, and sweating). Iron supplementation should be a strategy to increase both iron levels and physical exercise performance. To verify the effect of iron supplementation on the exercise performance of women with NAID or IDA, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (CRD42021245452).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Inclusion criteria comprised randomized or non-randomized clinical trials with a control group that determined the effect of iron supplementation associated with endurance exercise on women’s exercise performance. A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases was performed in February 2025 including all articles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 2122 studies were initially identified. Following exclusions, 15 studies with a total of 380 participants were included. Iron supplementation did not improve exercise performance assessed during time-to-exhaustion (TTE; MD: 0.76 min; 95% CI: -0.13; 1.65; <em>p</em> = 0.067) or time trial (TT; MD: -1.78 min; 95% CI: -3.88; 0.333 min; <em>p</em> = 0.059) protocols. Still, by combining TTE and TT studies in the same analysis, we observed a non-significant effect on exercise performance (SMD: 0.97; 95% CI: -0.49 to 2.44; <em>p</em> = 0.139). Moreover, although iron supplementation led to consistent improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise performance were mixed. We observed a moderate and statistically significant improvement in V̇O₂max or V̇O₂peak (SMD: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.08 to 1.31; <em>p</em> = 0.030). However, this effect was no longer statistically significant when studies involving women with anemia were excluded (SMD: 0.61; 95% CI: -0.05 to 1.27; <em>p</em> = 0.068), suggesting that the observed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness may be primarily driven by this subgroup. In contrast, no significant effects were found on exercise performance outcomes such as TTE or TT performance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although iron supplementation led to improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on exercise performance and cardiorespiratory fitness were limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}