Innate and adaptative immune mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccines. Serious adverse events associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction

The present review focuses on innate–adaptative immune stimulation by COVID-19 vaccines, especially by mRNA-iLNP vaccines. It describes iLNP and nucleoside-modified mRNA technologies, reverse transcription, inflammatory signals linked to reactogenicity, including vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated vascular cross-talk, induced by systemic and spike protein, which mimic COVID-persistent. Finally, the connection between the manifestation of severe forms of adverse reactions to vaccination and molecular mimicry, the production of particular autoantibodies and the role of certain vaccine adjuvants are discussed in detail.

Objectives

To identify articles that publish information on the adverse effects produced after the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in order to demonstrate their therapeutic potential in the treatment–prevention of disease; as well as to demonstrate the association of causality and temporal ocurrence.

Methodology

Systematic review of the scientific literature published between July 2021 and July 2023, which analyses all reports of inflammatory signatures of serious adverse effects caused by COVID-19 vaccines.

Results

The systematic review identified 2033 records which, after a screening process according to the inclusion criteria and the elimination of duplicated papers, work with methodological problems and work without open access, were reduced to 58 articles, of which 50 articles are human models and 2 are cellular models.

Conclusion

The results of this systematic review reveal the causal and temporal association of the various serious adverse events following administration of COVID-19 vaccines and the “peak effect” of COVID-19 vaccines is recognised.