Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500630
Josep de la Flor i Brú
{"title":"Impact of vaccination on bacterial resistance","authors":"Josep de la Flor i Brú","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last two decades, the continuous emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, has highlighted a major and ongoing threat to global public health. As the rate of zoonotic spillover events increases, the emergence of new coronaviruses becomes highly likely. Currently available vaccines are mostly strain-specific, and waning immunity is one of the major challenges as the virus evolves rapidly, leaving populations susceptible to antigenically distinct or newly emerging variants. The development of broad-spectrum vaccines represents one of the most effective strategies to protect humanity against future coronavirus threats. Hence, this paper highlights the urgent need for developing broadly protective coronavirus vaccines to mitigate future pandemics and improving global preparedness against emerging infectious diseases.
{"title":"The critical need for broad spectrum vaccines against emerging coronaviruses","authors":"Balamurugan Shanmugaraj , Ashwini Malla , Balasubramanian Murugesan","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last two decades, the continuous emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, has highlighted a major and ongoing threat to global public health. As the rate of zoonotic spillover events increases, the emergence of new coronaviruses becomes highly likely. Currently available vaccines are mostly strain-specific, and waning immunity is one of the major challenges as the virus evolves rapidly, leaving populations susceptible to antigenically distinct or newly emerging variants. The development of broad-spectrum vaccines represents one of the most effective strategies to protect humanity against future coronavirus threats. Hence, this paper highlights the urgent need for developing broadly protective coronavirus vaccines to mitigate future pandemics and improving global preparedness against emerging infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500628
H. Fatima , M.M. Arif , M.S. Chatha , Q. Ali , K. Batool
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a global public health concern following its widespread outbreaks in 2024. The virus rapidly spread to 117 countries, marking a significant shift from its traditionally endemic regions. This unexpected emergence in non-endemic areas has highlighted the need to update current knowledge regarding its transmission, epidemiology, and public health implications. This review evaluates the 2024 outbreak, emphasizing the virus's mutational evolution, transmission modes, and current monitoring and treatment strategies. Data were compiled from WHO reports, epidemiological databases, and recent genomic studies. Key variables such as the basic reproductive number (R₀), secondary attack rates, and case trends were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and mutation profiling revealed over 300 mutations, including a new sublineage within Clade I, linked to increased transmissibility and immune escape. Human-to-human transmission occurred primarily through direct skin contact, with sexual transmission also playing a significant role. Environmental changes such as deforestation and pollution were identified as contributing factors in cross-species transmission. Surveillance tools, including RT-PCR, wastewater monitoring, and contact tracing, proved effective in outbreak control. Although MPXV is currently considered a moderate global health threat, urgent measures are required to prevent further spread. Strengthening diagnostic tools, advancing targeted therapies through biomarker-based approaches, and expanding vaccination efforts will be critical for future preparedness and control.
{"title":"Transmission dynamics and evolution of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) during the 2024 global outbreak: implications for surveillance, treatment and vaccination","authors":"H. Fatima , M.M. Arif , M.S. Chatha , Q. Ali , K. Batool","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a global public health concern following its widespread outbreaks in 2024. The virus rapidly spread to 117 countries, marking a significant shift from its traditionally endemic regions. This unexpected emergence in non-endemic areas has highlighted the need to update current knowledge regarding its transmission, epidemiology, and public health implications. This review evaluates the 2024 outbreak, emphasizing the virus's mutational evolution, transmission modes, and current monitoring and treatment strategies. Data were compiled from WHO reports, epidemiological databases, and recent genomic studies. Key variables such as the basic reproductive number (R₀), secondary attack rates, and case trends were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and mutation profiling revealed over 300 mutations, including a new sublineage within Clade I, linked to increased transmissibility and immune escape. Human-to-human transmission occurred primarily through direct skin contact, with sexual transmission also playing a significant role. Environmental changes such as deforestation and pollution were identified as contributing factors in cross-species transmission. Surveillance tools, including RT-PCR, wastewater monitoring, and contact tracing, proved effective in outbreak control. Although MPXV is currently considered a moderate global health threat, urgent measures are required to prevent further spread. Strengthening diagnostic tools, advancing targeted therapies through biomarker-based approaches, and expanding vaccination efforts will be critical for future preparedness and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500486
R. Dowran , Z. Karimizadeh , A. Mohebbi , S.M. Jazayeri , F.S. Taghavi , M.J. Rasaee
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was first discovered in monkeys in a laboratory in Denmark in 1958, and the first human case was reported in Congo in 1970. It causes a disease called Mpox disease which is mainly characterized by rashes. Viral transmission occurs through body fluids, respiratory droplets, saliva, the content of vesicles, and lesions in addition to skin contact. Initially, Mpox was restricted to Africa, and sporadic cases outside Africa had a history of travel or links to Africa. The first outbreak outside Africa was in the US with the etiology of animal importation. The first outbreak of Mpox without any proven link to African sources was observed in 2022. The etiology of the recent increase in Mpox cases is an increase in animal reservoir population and animals’ adaptation to urban environments. MPXV is capable of crossing species and has a wide range of hosts; however, not all of them are specified currently. All mammals should be considered susceptible to MPXV, and investigating its new and unknown host should be seriously pursued. The recent discovery of Mpox outside Africa has shed light that health research is vital for preventing, controlling, and/or eradicating infectious diseases at their origins. The ability to monitor and respond to Mpox requires enhanced global preparedness. This is a comprehensive review of the discovery, history of the disease and transmission, immune system response and immune evasion, vaccination, and the possibility of turning into an outbreak with the countries at higher risk of infection.
{"title":"Recent information about Mpox disease","authors":"R. Dowran , Z. Karimizadeh , A. Mohebbi , S.M. Jazayeri , F.S. Taghavi , M.J. Rasaee","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was first discovered in monkeys in a laboratory in Denmark in 1958, and the first human case was reported in Congo in 1970. It causes a disease called Mpox disease which is mainly characterized by rashes. Viral transmission occurs through body fluids, respiratory droplets, saliva, the content of vesicles, and lesions in addition to skin contact. Initially, Mpox was restricted to Africa, and sporadic cases outside Africa had a history of travel or links to Africa. The first outbreak outside Africa was in the US with the etiology of animal importation. The first outbreak of Mpox without any proven link to African sources was observed in 2022. The etiology of the recent increase in Mpox cases is an increase in animal reservoir population and animals’ adaptation to urban environments. MPXV is capable of crossing species and has a wide range of hosts; however, not all of them are specified currently. All mammals should be considered susceptible to MPXV, and investigating its new and unknown host should be seriously pursued. The recent discovery of Mpox outside Africa has shed light that health research is vital for preventing, controlling, and/or eradicating infectious diseases at their origins. The ability to monitor and respond to Mpox requires enhanced global preparedness. This is a comprehensive review of the discovery, history of the disease and transmission, immune system response and immune evasion, vaccination, and the possibility of turning into an outbreak with the countries at higher risk of infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500486"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500627
Z. Ahsan , M. Ahsan , A.K. Durvesh
Background
Malaria remains a major public health concern in Pakistan. This study assessed national and subnational trends in malaria burden from 1990 to 2023 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2023) estimates.
Methods
An ecological time-trend analysis was conducted using GBD 2023 data to examine malaria-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mortality, prevalence, and incidence across Pakistan and its provinces/regions. Data were disaggregated by age, gender, and geography. 33 years annual percentage change (APC), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression to quantify temporal trends.
Results
Between 1990 and 2023, Pakistan demonstrated a substantial decline across all indicators: DALYs decreased by 31.6%, mortality by 27.1%, prevalence by 39.5%, and incidence by 58.8%. The highest burden persisted in Balochistan (DALY rate: 747.0 per 100,000) and Sindh (657.5 per 100,000), while the lowest was recorded in Punjab (7.9 per 100,000) and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (8.2 per 100,000). Temporal analysis revealed three major resurgence peaks 2003–2005, 2013–2015, and 2021–2023 the latter corresponding to the post-flood outbreak following Pakistan’s 2022 monsoon floods. Poisson regression showed downward national trends for DALYs (IRR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.994–0.999), prevalence (IRR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.996–0.998), and incidence (IRR = 0.990; 95% CI: 0.989–0.991).
Conclusion
Despite national progress, regional disparities persist, particularly in Sindh and Balochistan. The 2022–2023 resurgence highlights the influence of climate shocks on transmission. Strengthening surveillance, adopting climate-resilient vector control, and ensuring equitable resource allocation are vital to sustain progress and achieve malaria elimination by 2035.
{"title":"Trends and burden of malaria in Pakistan and its provinces (1990–2023): Insights from the global burden of disease study","authors":"Z. Ahsan , M. Ahsan , A.K. Durvesh","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malaria remains a major public health concern in Pakistan. This study assessed national and subnational trends in malaria burden from 1990 to 2023 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2023) estimates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An ecological time-trend analysis was conducted using GBD 2023 data to examine malaria-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mortality, prevalence, and incidence across Pakistan and its provinces/regions. Data were disaggregated by age, gender, and geography. 33 years annual percentage change (APC), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression to quantify temporal trends.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 1990 and 2023, Pakistan demonstrated a substantial decline across all indicators: DALYs decreased by 31.6%, mortality by 27.1%, prevalence by 39.5%, and incidence by 58.8%. The highest burden persisted in Balochistan (DALY rate: 747.0 per 100,000) and Sindh (657.5 per 100,000), while the lowest was recorded in Punjab (7.9 per 100,000) and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (8.2 per 100,000). Temporal analysis revealed three major resurgence peaks 2003–2005, 2013–2015, and 2021–2023 the latter corresponding to the post-flood outbreak following Pakistan’s 2022 monsoon floods. Poisson regression showed downward national trends for DALYs (IRR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.994–0.999), prevalence (IRR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.996–0.998), and incidence (IRR = 0.990; 95% CI: 0.989–0.991).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Despite national progress, regional disparities persist, particularly in Sindh and Balochistan. The 2022–2023 resurgence highlights the influence of climate shocks on transmission. Strengthening surveillance, adopting climate-resilient vector control, and ensuring equitable resource allocation are vital to sustain progress and achieve malaria elimination by 2035.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To assess the uptake and determinants of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among undergraduates of a Nigerian university.
Materials and methods
A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random sample of 318 students was drawn from a population of 1042. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire (reliability index = 0.70) and analyzed with SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used; the level of significance was set at 0.05.
Results
The majority (55.7%) of respondents were aged 19–22 years. Over half (52.4%) had below-average knowledge of the HPV vaccine. Vaccine uptake was low.
65 of 318 respondents (20.4%) had received at least one dose. The main barrier was vaccine unavailability (66.7%). High cost (r = − 0.163, p = .004) and peer reviews (r = 0.173, p = .002) were significantly associated with uptake. Other factors (cultural beliefs, fear of side effects, family history, and trust in the healthcare system) were not statistically significant (p > .05).
Conclusions
These findings suggest that improving vaccine availability and affordability, leveraging healthcare provider recommendations and positive peer influence are necessary to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine, reinforce policies and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers in this population.
目的了解尼日利亚某大学本科生对人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗的摄取情况及其影响因素。材料与方法采用描述性横断面设计。从1042名学生中抽取了318名分层随机样本。采用有效的自填问卷（信度指数= 0.70）收集数据，并使用SPSS 21版进行分析。采用描述性统计和Pearson相关分析；显著性水平设为0.05。结果55.7%的受访者年龄在19 ~ 22岁之间。超过一半（52.4%）的人对HPV疫苗的了解程度低于平均水平。疫苗接种率低。318名应答者中有65人（20.4%）至少接种过一次疫苗。主要障碍是无法获得疫苗（66.7%）。高成本（r = - 0.163, p = 0.004）和同行评议（r = 0.173, p = 0.002）与吸收显著相关。其他因素（文化信仰、对副作用的恐惧、家族史和对医疗保健系统的信任）无统计学意义（p > 0.05）。这些发现表明，提高疫苗的可获得性和可负担性，利用医疗保健提供者的建议和积极的同伴影响对于增加HPV疫苗的吸收率，加强政策和减轻HPV相关癌症在这一人群中的负担是必要的。
{"title":"Uptake and determinants of the human papillomavirus vaccine and its determinants among undergraduates of a Nigerian university","authors":"Adetunmise Oluseyi Olajide, Roqeebat Titilope Bolarinwa, Olufemi Yiyinola Makinde, Florence Oluyemisi Adeyemo","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the uptake and determinants of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among undergraduates of a Nigerian university.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random sample of 318 students was drawn from a population of 1042. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire (reliability index = 0.70) and analyzed with SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used; the level of significance was set at 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority (55.7%) of respondents were aged 19–22 years. Over half (52.4%) had below-average knowledge of the HPV vaccine. Vaccine uptake was low.</div><div>65 of 318 respondents (20.4%) had received at least one dose. The main barrier was vaccine unavailability (66.7%). High cost (<em>r</em> = −<!--> <!-->0.163, <em>p</em> = .004) and peer reviews (<em>r</em> = 0.173, <em>p</em> = .002) were significantly associated with uptake. Other factors (cultural beliefs, fear of side effects, family history, and trust in the healthcare system) were not statistically significant (<em>p</em> > .05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that improving vaccine availability and affordability, leveraging healthcare provider recommendations and positive peer influence are necessary to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine, reinforce policies and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500489
M. Kaplan , B. Erci
Background
Vaccine refusal remains a persistent and complex global health issue, influenced by sociocultural beliefs, misinformation, lack of trust, and personal experiences. Despite extensive immunization campaigns, vaccination rates often remain below optimal levels. Understanding the factors driving vaccine hesitancy is essential for developing effective interventions. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing parents' vaccination attitudes and to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) among parents who refused to vaccinate their infants aged 0–24 months.
Methods
The study population consisted of parents residing in the Bingöl province who did not want to vaccinate their newborns, infants, and children between the ages of 0 and 24 months. Using a pretest-posttest experimental control model, both groups completed a socio-demographic form and the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale pre-intervention. The experimental group received four weekly SFBT sessions, followed by a posttest for both groups.
Results
A statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the PACV scores of parents in the SFBT group, whereas no significant change was noted in the control group (p > 0.05). The regression analysis revealed that gender, education level, previous vaccination experiences, and problematic vaccination experiences significantly influenced parental attitudes, accounting for 32% of the total variance.
Conclusions
It was determined that administering SFBT to parents who refused to vaccinate their 0–24-month-old children may be an effective method to reduce the number of vaccine refusal cases. These findings also highlight the importance of sociodemographic and experiential factors in shaping vaccine-related attitudes.
{"title":"The effect of a solution-focused approach on reducing of vaccine refusal","authors":"M. Kaplan , B. Erci","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccine refusal remains a persistent and complex global health issue, influenced by sociocultural beliefs, misinformation, lack of trust, and personal experiences. Despite extensive immunization campaigns, vaccination rates often remain below optimal levels. Understanding the factors driving vaccine hesitancy is essential for developing effective interventions. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing parents' vaccination attitudes and to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) among parents who refused to vaccinate their infants aged 0–24 months.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study population consisted of parents residing in the Bingöl province who did not want to vaccinate their newborns, infants, and children between the ages of 0 and 24 months. Using a pretest-posttest experimental control model, both groups completed a socio-demographic form and the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale pre-intervention. The experimental group received four weekly SFBT sessions, followed by a posttest for both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the PACV scores of parents in the SFBT group, whereas no significant change was noted in the control group (p > 0.05). The regression analysis revealed that gender, education level, previous vaccination experiences, and problematic vaccination experiences significantly influenced parental attitudes, accounting for 32% of the total variance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It was determined that administering SFBT to parents who refused to vaccinate their 0–24-month-old children may be an effective method to reduce the number of vaccine refusal cases. These findings also highlight the importance of sociodemographic and experiential factors in shaping vaccine-related attitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500504
Jordi Reina, Nerea Espinosa
<div><div>In 2023, the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab, specifically targeting the “site zero (Ø)” of the pre-fusion (preF) form of the RSV F protein, was introduced in Spain. The proven efficacy of this monoclonal antibody has led further researcher into novel antigenic targets on the RSV F protein. Clesrovimab (RB1) is a human IgG kappa monoclonal antibody directed against site IV of RSV, which is exposed in both the preF and postF conformations. The presence of clesrovimab in nasal secretions has shown RSV-neutralizing activity, which correlates with its nasal concentration that represents between 1.4% and 3.3% of serum concentration. Five months after immunization, clesrovimab has shown a reduction of the incidence and severity of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract symptoms by 88%, the incidence of RSV-related hospitalization by 84.2%, and the incidence of severe hospitalization by 90.9% following a single 100 mg dose. In June 2025, the FDA approved the monoclonal antibody Enflonsia™ (clesrovimab-cfor; Merck & Co.), produced by genetic recombination in Chinese hamster ovary cells, for the prevention of lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV in infants born during or entering their first RSV season (aged <<!--> <!-->8 months). Based on various clinical trials, Enflonsia™ is considered a long-lived monoclonal antibody, designed to provide specific, direct, rapid, and long-lasting protection (at least 5 months) with a single intramuscular 105 mg dose, regardless of the infant's weight.</div></div><div><div>En 2023 se comercializó en España el anticuerpo monoclonal nirsevimab, dirigido específicamente frente al «sitio cero (Ø)» de la conformación de prefusión (preF) de la proteína F del virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS). La eficacia demostrada de este anticuerpo monoclonal impulsó la investigación de nuevas dianas antigénicas en dicha proteína del VRS. Clesrovimab (RB1) es un anticuerpo monoclonal humano tipo IgG kappa dirigido contra el sitio IV del VRS, expuesto tanto en la forma preF como en la posF. Su detección en secreciones nasales ha mostrado capacidad neutralizante frente al VRS, correlacionada con la concentración nasal, que representa entre el 1,4 y 3,3% de la concentración sérica. A los 5 meses de la inmunización, clesrovimab mostró una reducción en la incidencia y la gravedad de los síntomas del tracto respiratorio inferior asociados al VRS del 88%, en la hospitalización por VRS del 84,2% y en la hospitalización grave del 90,9%, tras una dosis de 100 mg. En junio de 2025, la FDA aprobó el anticuerpo monoclonal Enflonsia™ (clesrovimab-cfor, Merck & Co.), producido por la recombinación genética en células de ovario de hámster chino, para la prevención de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior causadas por el VRS en lactantes nacidos durante o expuestos a su primera temporada de circulación de VRS (menores de 8 meses). De acuerdo con los diferentes ensayos clínicos disponibles, se trata de un anticuerp
2023年，针对RSV F蛋白预融合（preF）形式的“零位点（Ø）”的单克隆抗体nirsevimab在西班牙被引入。该单克隆抗体的有效性已被证实，这将进一步推动RSV F蛋白新抗原靶点的研究。Clesrovimab （RB1）是一种针对RSV IV位点的人IgG kappa单克隆抗体，具有f前构象和f后构象。塞罗维单抗存在于鼻腔分泌物中，显示出rsv中和活性，这与其鼻腔浓度相关，鼻腔浓度占血清浓度的1.4%至3.3%。免疫5个月后，格列罗维单抗显示，单次100 mg剂量后，rsv相关下呼吸道症状的发生率和严重程度降低了88%，rsv相关住院率降低了84.2%，严重住院率降低了90.9%。2025年6月，FDA批准了默克公司（Merck & Co.）的单克隆抗体Enflonsia™（clesrovimab-cfor），该抗体通过对中国仓鼠卵巢细胞进行基因重组生产，用于预防出生在或进入第一个RSV季节（8个月大）的婴儿由RSV引起的下呼吸道感染。基于各种临床试验，Enflonsia™被认为是一种长效单克隆抗体，旨在提供特异性、直接、快速和持久的保护（至少5个月），单次肌肉注射105mg，无论婴儿的体重如何。En 2023 se comercializó En España el抗疫单克隆nirsevimab， dirigido específicamente frente al«sitio cero （Ø）»de la conformación de prefusión (preF) de la proteína F del virus respiratory sinr （VRS）。抗抑郁单克隆线虫impulsó La investigación抗抑郁单克隆线虫proteína del VRS。Clesrovimab （RB1）是一种抗超能力的单克隆人乳头状瘤病毒IgG抗体（IgG），在VRS模型的IV型中，对其进行免疫应答，并对其进行免疫应答。Su detección en secreciones nasales ha mostrado capacidad neutrizizante frente all VRS，相关性和相关性concentración鼻，代表中心1,4和3,3% de la concentración ssamica。A组5例甲氧联苯inmunización、甲氧联苯mostró、甲氧联苯reducción发生率分别为甲氧联苯síntomas、甲氧联苯síntomas、甲氧联苯VRS德尔88%、甲氧联苯hospitalización、甲氧联苯VRS德尔84,2%、甲氧联苯hospitalización、甲氧联苯90,9%，甲氧联苯剂量为100mg。2025年6月，FDA aprobó el抗流感单克隆Enflonsia™（clesrovimab-cfor, Merck & Co.），产品为recombinación genacimtica和hámster chino ovario的csamlulas， para为prevención la la lasecciones del tracecciones del respiratory亚致病性病原体，acacciones durante to exexes, suprimertemporada de circulación de VRS （menores de 8 meses）。De acuerdo conlos diverses clínicos disponables, se trata De unaceraculo medium prolongada, diseñado para proporciar una protección específica, directa, rápida y duradera (al menos 5 meses) conuna única dosis De 105 mg administrada por vía肌内注射，independentemente del peso del lactante。
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