Potential of Serial Hybrid Powertrain Concepts towards Decarbonizing the Off-Highway Machinery

Jost Weber, J. Schatorje, Yona Frekers, Olaf Herrmann, Rafael Gries
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Abstract

Today’s engines used in Agriculture, Mining and Construction are designed for robustness and cost. Here, the Diesel powertrain is the established mainstream solution, offering long operation times without refueling at any desired power rating. In view of the steps towards Carbon Neutrality by 2050, this segment of the Transportation Sector needs to reduce its CO2 emissions. Currently, the EU and US emissions legislations (EU Stage V / EPA Tier4) do not include a CO2 reduction scheme, but this is expected to change with the next update towards EU Stage VI / EPA Tier5 coming into effect 2030 and after. Applications demanding high power or long operational range still require the use of renewable, liquid fuels or hydrogen. The cost-up of such fuels could be counterbalanced by more efficient engines in combination with a hybridized powertrain. The current paper therefore introduces a serial HEV solution for a large wheel loader application of 12t tipping load, which is an example of a typical use-case from the construction equipment industry. A control strategy was developed to operate at best system efficiency while also optimizing the heat-up of the aftertreatment system for minimizing the emissions below EUVII regulation limits for commercial vehicles. The controls are verified by using an NRTC engine test cycle whereas the electric components are modeled but a real Diesel engine including aftertreatment system is used on the engine dynamometer side.
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串联式混合动力系统概念在非公路机械脱碳方面的潜力
如今,农业、采矿业和建筑业所使用的发动机都是为坚固耐用和降低成本而设计的。在这些领域,柴油动力系统是公认的主流解决方案,可在任何所需额定功率下提供长时间运行而无需加油。考虑到到 2050 年实现碳中和的步骤,运输部门需要减少二氧化碳排放量。目前,欧盟和美国的排放法规(EU Stage V / EPA Tier4)并不包括二氧化碳减排计划,但随着欧盟 Stage VI / EPA Tier5 的下一次更新于 2030 年及以后生效,这一情况有望得到改变。要求高功率或长续航里程的应用仍然需要使用可再生液体燃料或氢气。通过将更高效的发动机与混合动力系统相结合,可以抵消此类燃料的成本上升。因此,本文介绍了用于 12 吨倾卸负荷的大型轮式装载机的串行混合动力汽车解决方案,这是建筑设备行业典型使用案例的一个例子。我们开发了一种控制策略,以最佳系统效率运行,同时优化后处理系统的升温,最大限度地减少排放,使其低于商用车 EUVII 法规限制。通过使用 NRTC 发动机测试循环对控制进行了验证,同时对电动组件进行了建模,但在发动机测功机侧使用了包括后处理系统在内的真实柴油发动机。
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