Assessing Heavy Duty Vehicle CO 2 Emissions for Qualification as a Zero Emissions Vehicle

David K. Mumford, Graham Williams, Nadege Leclercq
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Abstract

The global transportation industry, and road freight in particular, faces formidable challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions; both Europe and the US have already enabled legislation with CO2 / GHG reduction targets. In Europe, targets are set on a fleet level basis: a CO2 baseline has already been established using Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) data collected and analyzed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2019/2020. This baseline data has been published as the reference for the required CO2 reductions. More recently, the EU has proposed a Zero Emissions Vehicle definition of 3g CO2/t-km. The Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) designation is expected to be key to a number of market instruments that improve the economics and practicality of hydrogen trucks. This paper assesses the permissible amount of carbon-based fuel in hydrogen fueled vehicles – the Pilot Energy Ratio (PER) – for each regulated subgroup of HDVs in the baseline data set. The analysis indicates that a PER of ~4% is required to address the key long-haul groups (5LH, 9LH and 10LH) and potentially some Regional Distribution vehicles, but that much lower PERs are required for most of the Regional and Urban Delivery vehicles in this group. The assessment then looks at the impact of the actual vehicle configuration and identifies features impacting the PER such as rear axle ratio; for example, an engine may be capable of meeting the Zero Emissions requirement, but rear axle ratios greater than 3 may still cause a specific vehicle configuration to exceed 3g/t-km of CO2. The paper concludes by assessing the existing technology options to meet the ZEV requirements and the current state of these technologies against the required PER target.
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评估重型车辆二氧化碳排放以获得零排放车辆资格
全球运输业,尤其是公路货运业,在减少温室气体 (GHG) 排放方面面临着严峻的挑战;欧洲和美国都已立法规定了二氧化碳/温室气体减排目标。在欧洲,目标是以车队为基础设定的:利用欧洲环境署(EEA)在 2019/2020 年收集和分析的重型车辆(HDV)数据,已经确定了二氧化碳基准线。该基线数据已作为所需二氧化碳减排量的参考公布。最近,欧盟提出了 3g CO2/t-km 的零排放汽车定义。预计零排放汽车 (ZEV) 定义将成为一系列市场工具的关键,从而提高氢能卡车的经济性和实用性。本文评估了氢燃料车辆中允许的碳基燃料量--先导能量比 (PER),适用于基线数据集中每个受监管的氢燃料车辆子组。分析表明,主要长途运输组(5LH、9LH 和 10LH)以及一些区域配送车辆需要约 4% 的 PER,但该组中的大多数区域和城市配送车辆需要更低的 PER。然后,评估审视了实际车辆配置的影响,并确定了影响 PER 的特征,例如后轴比;例如,发动机可能能够满足零排放要求,但大于 3 的后轴比仍可能导致特定车辆配置的二氧化碳排放量超过 3g/t-km。本文最后评估了满足 ZEV 要求的现有技术方案,以及这些技术在所需 PER 目标方面的现状。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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