Current trends and future directions for the synthesis and pharmacological applications of 2-(2-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl) acetamide (Gliptins)

Abstract

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), well known as the T-cell antigen CD26 enzyme which, was discovered in the year of 1966 by Hopsu-Havu and Glenner. The enzyme gained considerable attention due to its vital functions, such as (1) deactivation of the incretin hormone, which is responsible for insulin catabolism, (2) hydrolyzes of opioid peptides engaged in pain modulation, etc. Moreover, DPP-4 also acts as a carrier protein and ligand for a variety of extracellular and intracellular substrates. The Finding of DPP-4 inhibitors is the newer approach to treating numerous disorders/ diseases, for example, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and Diabetes mellitus (DM). The outcomes of studies carried out in the past few decades revealed that Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) is a more promising candidate than conventional hypoglycaemic agents, as the former can be taken in monotherapy once a week or conjointly with another hypoglycaemic agent. By considering all favorable properties of DPP-4 inhibitors, this excerpt was written with the primary focused on the clinically approved, orally acting Gliptin class of drugs, with an emphasizing on their conventional, modern as well as patented methods of intermediates and final product development.