Development and Optimization of a Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Adapted to 3D Cell Cultures

Abstract

In recent years, 3D cell culture systems have emerged as sophisticated in vitro models, providing valuable insights into human physiology and diseases. The transition from traditional 2D to advanced 3D cultures has introduced novel obstacles, complicating the characterization and analysis of these models. While the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay has long been a standard readout for viability and cytotoxicity assessments in 2D cultures, its applicability in long-term 3D cultures is hindered by inappropriate normalization and low LDH stability over time. In response to these challenges, we propose an optimization of LDH assays, including a crucial normalization step based on total protein quantification and a storage method using an LDH preservation buffer. We applied it to compare unexposed cerebral organoids with organoids exposed to a toxic dose of valproic acid, and showed efficient normalization of cellular viability as well as enhanced LDH stability within the buffer. Importantly, normalized LDH activity results obtained were independent of organoid dimension and cell density. This refined LDH assay, tailored to address 3D culture constraints, allows for the transposition of this routine test from 2D to 3D cultures.