Energy estimation of small-scale jets from the quiet-Sun region⋆

Abstract

Context. Solar jets play a role in coronal heating and the supply of solar wind.Aims. In this study, we calculate the energies of 23 small-scale jets emerging from a quiet-Sun region in order to investigate their contributions to coronal heating.Methods. We used data from the High-Resolution Imager (HRI) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board the Solar Orbiter. Small-scale jets were observed by the HRI_{EUV 174 Å passband in the high cadence of 6 s. These events were identified by the time–distance stacks along the trajectories of jets. Using the simultaneous observation from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), we also performed a differential emission measure (DEM) analysis on these small-scale jets to obtain the physical parameters of plasma, which enabled us to estimate the kinetic and thermal energies of the jets.Results. We find that most of the jets exhibit common unidirectional or bidirectional motions, while some show more complex behaviors; namely, a mixture of unidirection and bidirection. A majority of jets also present repeated eruption blobs (plasmoids), which may be signatures of the quasi-periodic magnetic reconnection that has been observed in solar flares. The inverted Y-shaped structure can be recognized in several jets. These small-scale jets typically have a width of ∼0.3 Mm, a temperature of ∼1.7 MK, an electron number density of ≳10^{9 cm−3, with speeds in a wide range from ∼20–170 km s−1. Most of these jets have an energy of 1023–1024 erg, which is marginally smaller than the energy of typical nanoflares. The thermal energy fluxes of 23 jets are estimated to be (0.74–2.96)×105 erg cm−2 s−1, which is almost on the same order of magnitude as the energy flow required to heat the quiet-Sun corona, although the kinetic energy fluxes vary over a wide range because of their strong dependence on velocity. Furthermore, the frequency distribution of thermal energy and kinetic energy both follow the power-law distribution N(E)∝E−α.Conclusions. Our observations suggest that although these jets cannot provide sufficient energy to heat the whole quiet-Sun coronal region, they are likely to account for a significant portion of the energy demand in the local regions where the jets occur.}}