Chunrong Jia , Xianqiang Fu , Thomas F. Webster , Diana M. Ceballos
{"title":"Fragrance chemicals in nail salons: Personal inhalation exposures and potential sources","authors":"Chunrong Jia , Xianqiang Fu , Thomas F. Webster , Diana M. Ceballos","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102236","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The indoor air of nail salons is full of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which have fragrances. Little is known about the fragrance chemicals in nail salons, as fragrance ingredients are not required on nail product labels and are considered trade secrets. This study aimed to identify fragrance chemicals and their potential sources and exposures in nail salons. Indoor air samples were collected in seven nail salons in the Greater Boston Area between November 2016 and June 2017. Personal samples were also collected from ten nail salon workers during their work shifts. Follow-up area sampling was performed in two salons one year after the initial visits. All air samples were collected using thermal desorption (TD) tubes and analyzed on a TD-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system targeting 55 fragrance chemicals. Eighteen compounds were detected in air samples, including terpenes, alcohols, carbonyls, ethers, and esters. The concentrations displayed limited spatial variation within a salon but moderate variation over time. The highest median personal inhalation concentrations were benzaldehyde (36.4 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), 2-ethylhexanol (30.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), d-limonene (16.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and 2-butoxyethanol (12.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). Highest personal levels were reached by maximum concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol (<1611 μg/m<sup>3</sup>)), d-limonene (<413 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and methyl salicylate (<113.5 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). Personal concentrations of most compounds were highly correlated with area concentrations (Spearman correlations = 0.69−0.92). Fragrance concentrations from area and personal air samples did not correlate significantly with the ventilation rate. Cleaning agents, personal care products, and nail products were identified as important possible emission sources. This study reveals a subset of fragrance chemicals in nail salons’ indoor air and calls for future research on a full spectrum of these chemicals, their health effects among nail salon workers, and ways to reduce these exposures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"15 9","pages":"Article 102236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104224002010","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The indoor air of nail salons is full of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which have fragrances. Little is known about the fragrance chemicals in nail salons, as fragrance ingredients are not required on nail product labels and are considered trade secrets. This study aimed to identify fragrance chemicals and their potential sources and exposures in nail salons. Indoor air samples were collected in seven nail salons in the Greater Boston Area between November 2016 and June 2017. Personal samples were also collected from ten nail salon workers during their work shifts. Follow-up area sampling was performed in two salons one year after the initial visits. All air samples were collected using thermal desorption (TD) tubes and analyzed on a TD-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system targeting 55 fragrance chemicals. Eighteen compounds were detected in air samples, including terpenes, alcohols, carbonyls, ethers, and esters. The concentrations displayed limited spatial variation within a salon but moderate variation over time. The highest median personal inhalation concentrations were benzaldehyde (36.4 μg/m3), 2-ethylhexanol (30.0 μg/m3), d-limonene (16.6 μg/m3), and 2-butoxyethanol (12.6 μg/m3). Highest personal levels were reached by maximum concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol (<1611 μg/m3)), d-limonene (<413 μg/m3), and methyl salicylate (<113.5 μg/m3). Personal concentrations of most compounds were highly correlated with area concentrations (Spearman correlations = 0.69−0.92). Fragrance concentrations from area and personal air samples did not correlate significantly with the ventilation rate. Cleaning agents, personal care products, and nail products were identified as important possible emission sources. This study reveals a subset of fragrance chemicals in nail salons’ indoor air and calls for future research on a full spectrum of these chemicals, their health effects among nail salon workers, and ways to reduce these exposures.
期刊介绍:
Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.