Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activities of Novel Potent Fluoroalkenyl Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors

Abstract

The development of new fungicide molecules is a crucial task for agricultural chemists to enhance the effectiveness of fungicides in agricultural production. In this study, a series of novel fluoroalkenyl modified succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal activities against eight fungi. The results from the in vitro antifungal assay demonstrated that compound 34 exhibited superior activity against Rhizoctonia solani with an EC₅₀ value of 0.04 μM, outperforming commercial fluxapyroxad (EC₅₀ = 0.18 μM) and boscalid (EC₅₀ = 3.07 μM). Furthermore, compound 34 showed similar effects to fluxapyroxad on other pathogenic fungi such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (EC₅₀ = 1.13 μM), Monilinia fructicola (EC₅₀ = 1.61 μM), Botrytis cinerea (EC₅₀ = 1.21 μM), and also demonstrated protective and curative efficacies in vivo on rapeseed leaves and tomato fruits. Enzyme activity experiments and protein–ligand interaction analysis by surface plasmon resonance revealed that compound 34 had a stronger inhibitory effect on succinate dehydrogenase compared to fluxapyroxad. Additionally, molecular docking and DFT calculation confirmed that the fluoroalkenyl unit in compound 34 could enhance its binding capacity with the target protein through p−π conjugation and hydrogen bond interactions.