Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14079
Yanxia Yu,Mingyu Sun,Peiyan Han,Hongping Shang,Shuting Zhang,Baoshan Sun
Galloylated procyanidins (GPCs) possess superior biological activities to nongalloylated ones but are scarce in nature. In this study, a novel semisynthetic approach combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was developed for the large-scale preparation of procyanidin B2-3,3′-di-O-gallate (B2G2). Antioxidant evaluations via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays demonstrated that B2G2 surpassed its structural units (procyanidin B2-3′-O-gallate, procyanidin B2, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin), a result linked to its elevated galloylation level and polymerization degree. In vitro digestion experiments indicated that B2G2 exhibited greater stability than its structural units under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, providing a basis for subsequent in vivo evaluation. A preliminary in vivo safety evaluation demonstrated that B2G2 exerted no adverse effects. In dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice, B2G2 administration was associated with attenuation of tissue injury, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, and decreased levels of oxidative stress markers. Our findings highlight B2G2 as a promising novel functional food ingredient with gut-protective properties.
{"title":"Large-Scale Semisynthesis of Bioactive Procyanidin B2 3,3′-di-O-gallate: Structural Characterization, Simulated In Vitro Digestion, and Protective Effects against Colitis","authors":"Yanxia Yu,Mingyu Sun,Peiyan Han,Hongping Shang,Shuting Zhang,Baoshan Sun","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14079","url":null,"abstract":"Galloylated procyanidins (GPCs) possess superior biological activities to nongalloylated ones but are scarce in nature. In this study, a novel semisynthetic approach combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was developed for the large-scale preparation of procyanidin B2-3,3′-di-O-gallate (B2G2). Antioxidant evaluations via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays demonstrated that B2G2 surpassed its structural units (procyanidin B2-3′-O-gallate, procyanidin B2, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin), a result linked to its elevated galloylation level and polymerization degree. In vitro digestion experiments indicated that B2G2 exhibited greater stability than its structural units under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, providing a basis for subsequent in vivo evaluation. A preliminary in vivo safety evaluation demonstrated that B2G2 exerted no adverse effects. In dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice, B2G2 administration was associated with attenuation of tissue injury, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels, and decreased levels of oxidative stress markers. Our findings highlight B2G2 as a promising novel functional food ingredient with gut-protective properties.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14907
Jingrong Zhao,Mengyi Liu,Bingqian Ni,Xucheng Zhu,Weiwei Li,Baoguo Sun,Xiuting Li
Fatty acid esters are usually synthesized in the organic phase, and the presence of water drives the reaction toward hydrolysis, limiting it as a green solvent for esterification. This study identified a novel cutinase OryEst1 from Aspergillus oryzae using a data-driven strategy. It exhibited a broad substrate spectrum and great stability and efficiently catalyzed the synthesis of ethyl octanoate (con. 49.6%) at pH 5.0 and 30 °C in the aqueous phase. The catalytic triad Ser170-His235-Asp222 was stabilized by the π stacking formed between Tyr136 and Tyr169. Channel engineering broke the substrate transport bottleneck, raising ethyl octanoate conversion to 64.5% of mutant S95A. Molecular dynamics revealed that the mutation broke hydrogen bonds between the channel-gating site and lid, enhancing structural flexibility to accelerate the transportation of the substrate and product. Hydrophobic interaction in S95A anchors and orients the substrate into an active site, reducing ineffective collisions and boosting activity. The findings provide an important guide for advancing green catalysts for ester synthesis.
{"title":"Data-Driven Discovery of a Novel Cutinase OryEst1 for Efficient Ester Synthesis under Aqueous Phase and Enhancement of Activity through Channel Engineering","authors":"Jingrong Zhao,Mengyi Liu,Bingqian Ni,Xucheng Zhu,Weiwei Li,Baoguo Sun,Xiuting Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14907","url":null,"abstract":"Fatty acid esters are usually synthesized in the organic phase, and the presence of water drives the reaction toward hydrolysis, limiting it as a green solvent for esterification. This study identified a novel cutinase OryEst1 from Aspergillus oryzae using a data-driven strategy. It exhibited a broad substrate spectrum and great stability and efficiently catalyzed the synthesis of ethyl octanoate (con. 49.6%) at pH 5.0 and 30 °C in the aqueous phase. The catalytic triad Ser170-His235-Asp222 was stabilized by the π stacking formed between Tyr136 and Tyr169. Channel engineering broke the substrate transport bottleneck, raising ethyl octanoate conversion to 64.5% of mutant S95A. Molecular dynamics revealed that the mutation broke hydrogen bonds between the channel-gating site and lid, enhancing structural flexibility to accelerate the transportation of the substrate and product. Hydrophobic interaction in S95A anchors and orients the substrate into an active site, reducing ineffective collisions and boosting activity. The findings provide an important guide for advancing green catalysts for ester synthesis.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics (PET-MPs), prevalent dietary contaminants, pose potential risks to intestinal health; yet underlying mechanisms of sustained exposure remain poorly defined. We evaluated the toxicity of gastrointestinal-digested PET-MPs in a human intestinal epithelial coculture model for 24 h. Digested PET-MPs triggered cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, barrier disruption, and dysregulated cytokines, impairing epithelial homeostasis. Untargeted metabolomics identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a perturbed node. Functional validation confirmed that PET-MPs induced mitochondrial damage, resulting in ATP depletion and AMPK activation. This persistent activation mediated cellular proliferation arrest and DNA double-strand breaks. Critically, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK alleviated barrier defects and DNA damage. These results unveil a mitochondrial dysfunction-AMPK activation-DNA damage axis as a central mechanism in PET-MP–induced injury, providing mechanistic insight into the health risks of microplastic exposure.
{"title":"Foodborne PET Microplastic Contamination Compromises Intestinal Barrier through a Mitochondrial-AMPK-DNA Damage Pathway","authors":"Chuxin Zhang,Yitao Yan,Xu Li,Jiaxing An,Wenjing Li,Juan Shao,Zhongyuan Guo","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15484","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics (PET-MPs), prevalent dietary contaminants, pose potential risks to intestinal health; yet underlying mechanisms of sustained exposure remain poorly defined. We evaluated the toxicity of gastrointestinal-digested PET-MPs in a human intestinal epithelial coculture model for 24 h. Digested PET-MPs triggered cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, barrier disruption, and dysregulated cytokines, impairing epithelial homeostasis. Untargeted metabolomics identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a perturbed node. Functional validation confirmed that PET-MPs induced mitochondrial damage, resulting in ATP depletion and AMPK activation. This persistent activation mediated cellular proliferation arrest and DNA double-strand breaks. Critically, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK alleviated barrier defects and DNA damage. These results unveil a mitochondrial dysfunction-AMPK activation-DNA damage axis as a central mechanism in PET-MP–induced injury, providing mechanistic insight into the health risks of microplastic exposure.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Identifying key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that help slugs locate host plants can enhance eco-friendly slug management. We used sequential solvent extraction of Ginkgo biloba seed exocarps and tested the extracts for attractiveness. Slugs preferred chloroform and ethanol extracts, and, to a lesser extent, n-hexane extracts, whereas ethyl acetate and acetone extracts were not attractive. The attractiveness of an extract to slugs was positively correlated with the richness of VOCs. We screened nine dominant VOCs and found that γ-octalactone and tetradecane were highly attractive to slugs, even at low concentrations. Butyl caprate attracted slugs at low to medium concentrations, while pentadecane was attractive at medium to high concentrations. Ethyl salicylate and trans-2-undecenal were attractive only at high concentrations. Four VOC mixtures were highly attractive under both laboratory and field conditions. These findings indicate that plant volatile-based baits are effective for trapping large numbers of slugs, offering valuable insights for the development of botanical attractants.
{"title":"Development of Ginkgo biloba Seed Exocarp Volatile-Based Attractants for Slugs","authors":"Tianliang Li,Xiaoyan Wang,Mengzhen Miao,Minghong Liu,Jun Wan,Yunhe Li,Te Zhao,Xuewei Mao,Lin Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08531","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that help slugs locate host plants can enhance eco-friendly slug management. We used sequential solvent extraction of Ginkgo biloba seed exocarps and tested the extracts for attractiveness. Slugs preferred chloroform and ethanol extracts, and, to a lesser extent, n-hexane extracts, whereas ethyl acetate and acetone extracts were not attractive. The attractiveness of an extract to slugs was positively correlated with the richness of VOCs. We screened nine dominant VOCs and found that γ-octalactone and tetradecane were highly attractive to slugs, even at low concentrations. Butyl caprate attracted slugs at low to medium concentrations, while pentadecane was attractive at medium to high concentrations. Ethyl salicylate and trans-2-undecenal were attractive only at high concentrations. Four VOC mixtures were highly attractive under both laboratory and field conditions. These findings indicate that plant volatile-based baits are effective for trapping large numbers of slugs, offering valuable insights for the development of botanical attractants.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16250
Shirui Zhao,Qingxi Ren,Xiao Han,Zhilei Zhou,Zhongwei Ji,Jian Mao
Huangjiu is a traditional Chinese fermented beverage whose aroma perception is affected by the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from its matrix. This study is the first to evaluate the combined effects of Huangjiu polysaccharide (HJPS) with four representative polyphenols (epicatechin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid) upon esters release, which was accomplished via two complementary aroma models: 58 VOCs were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), among which 12 esters were formulated into a simulated aroma solution; additionally, an optimized solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) method (35 °C, 30 min) was developed to obtain VOC extracts, serving as a supplement to the aroma model authenticity. Mechanistically, HJPS and polyphenols interact spontaneously via hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding, thereby liberating binding sites and ultimately promoting aroma release. These notable findings elucidate aroma-modulating mechanisms mediated by interactions among matrix components, providing theoretical and practical foundations for targeted aroma optimization of traditional fermented beverages.
{"title":"Interactions between Huangjiu Polysaccharides and Polyphenols: Mechanisms and Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds Release","authors":"Shirui Zhao,Qingxi Ren,Xiao Han,Zhilei Zhou,Zhongwei Ji,Jian Mao","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16250","url":null,"abstract":"Huangjiu is a traditional Chinese fermented beverage whose aroma perception is affected by the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from its matrix. This study is the first to evaluate the combined effects of Huangjiu polysaccharide (HJPS) with four representative polyphenols (epicatechin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid) upon esters release, which was accomplished via two complementary aroma models: 58 VOCs were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), among which 12 esters were formulated into a simulated aroma solution; additionally, an optimized solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) method (35 °C, 30 min) was developed to obtain VOC extracts, serving as a supplement to the aroma model authenticity. Mechanistically, HJPS and polyphenols interact spontaneously via hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding, thereby liberating binding sites and ultimately promoting aroma release. These notable findings elucidate aroma-modulating mechanisms mediated by interactions among matrix components, providing theoretical and practical foundations for targeted aroma optimization of traditional fermented beverages.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zein, a maize-derived protein, is increasingly utilized in nanoparticle delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study aimed to review the latest progress in fabricating, structure designing, characterizing, and functions associated with nanoparticles based on zein. Key fabrication techniques and their impacts on the nanoparticle properties were examined. Different structural designs of zein nanoparticles, including composite, core–shell, and layer-by-layer assembled configurations, were highlighted. The roles exerted by these nanoparticles in delivering, protecting, and regulating the release of bioactive substances were also investigated. Fabrication methods influenced the nanoparticle size, morphology, and stability, which, in turn, affected the encapsulation and release efficiency of bioactive compounds. Additionally, various structural designs improved the stability of zein nanoparticles, controlled the release of bioactive compounds, and enabled the personalization of multiple bioactive compounds. These findings highlight the potential of zein-based nanoparticles as efficient carriers for functional compounds, offering enhanced stability, bioavailability, and targeted release.
{"title":"Research Advances in Zein-Based Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Structural Design, Characterization, and Functions","authors":"Juyuan Wang,Qiwan Si,Haixiang Lan,Wenfu Hou,Yang Yi,Hongxun Wang,Yahong Han,Shuai Chen","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14769","url":null,"abstract":"Zein, a maize-derived protein, is increasingly utilized in nanoparticle delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study aimed to review the latest progress in fabricating, structure designing, characterizing, and functions associated with nanoparticles based on zein. Key fabrication techniques and their impacts on the nanoparticle properties were examined. Different structural designs of zein nanoparticles, including composite, core–shell, and layer-by-layer assembled configurations, were highlighted. The roles exerted by these nanoparticles in delivering, protecting, and regulating the release of bioactive substances were also investigated. Fabrication methods influenced the nanoparticle size, morphology, and stability, which, in turn, affected the encapsulation and release efficiency of bioactive compounds. Additionally, various structural designs improved the stability of zein nanoparticles, controlled the release of bioactive compounds, and enabled the personalization of multiple bioactive compounds. These findings highlight the potential of zein-based nanoparticles as efficient carriers for functional compounds, offering enhanced stability, bioavailability, and targeted release.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the postharvest period of fruits, the abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely associated with the deterioration of fruit quality, which severely impairs the market value and shelf life of fruits. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can alleviate postharvest fruit quality deterioration caused by cold storage. Here, we identified PuMYC2 as a positive regulator of ROS scavenging and aroma metabolism in cold-stored Nanguo pear. Overexpression of PuMYC2 upregulated the antioxidant gene PuPOD12 and the aroma synthesis gene PuLOX3–1, resulting in reduced ROS levels and elevated aroma compound contents under cold stress. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays confirmed that PuMYC2 directly binds to the promoters of PuPOD12 and PuLOX3–1 to activate their transcription. These findings provide novel insights for optimizing cold storage preservation strategies or advancing molecular mechanisms of fruit quality regulation.
{"title":"MeJA-Induced Bifunctional Transcription Factor PuMYC2 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Aroma Quality in Cold-Stored Nanguo Pear Fruit","authors":"Zhuoran Zhang,Yueming Yang,Nannan Zang,Chuhan Li,Baofeng Wang,Liyong Qi,Li Ma,Aide Wang,Zepeng Yin","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16395","url":null,"abstract":"During the postharvest period of fruits, the abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely associated with the deterioration of fruit quality, which severely impairs the market value and shelf life of fruits. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can alleviate postharvest fruit quality deterioration caused by cold storage. Here, we identified PuMYC2 as a positive regulator of ROS scavenging and aroma metabolism in cold-stored Nanguo pear. Overexpression of PuMYC2 upregulated the antioxidant gene PuPOD12 and the aroma synthesis gene PuLOX3–1, resulting in reduced ROS levels and elevated aroma compound contents under cold stress. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays confirmed that PuMYC2 directly binds to the promoters of PuPOD12 and PuLOX3–1 to activate their transcription. These findings provide novel insights for optimizing cold storage preservation strategies or advancing molecular mechanisms of fruit quality regulation.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-08DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15984
Jiaxing Yang,Shouchun Xiao,Pengxi Li,Bingxue Li,Bingying He,Xueke Liu,Donghui Liu,Zhiqiang Zhou,Peng Wang
Penthiopyrad, a chiral fungicide with a riskier S-enantiomer, exhibited poorly understood stereoselective behaviors in mammals. This study investigated the enantioselective accumulation and metabolism of penthiopyrad enantiomers in mammals using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Penthiopyrad accumulated in the liver and kidneys at concentrations over 10-fold higher than those in the blood. S-penthiopyrad showed preferential absorption with 1.6-fold higher bioavailability than the R-enantiomer. Twenty-three metabolites (12 novel) were identified, with CYP-mediated N-demethylation as the dominant pathway. S-penthiopyrad was preferentially metabolized in mouse liver microsomes with a 1.5-fold shorter half-life, while human liver microsomes favored the R-enantiomer. CYP2E1, CYP2C (mouse), and CYP3A4 (human) mediated stereoselective metabolism, with the preferential metabolism of the R-enantiomer by human CYP3A4 attributed to its low binding energy and favorable conformation. This study comprehensively clarified the stereoselective behavior and metabolic pathway of penthiopyrad in mammals, providing valuable metabolic insights for further toxicological evaluation of penthiopyrad.
{"title":"Enhanced Exposure Risk of Penthiopyrad S-Enantiomer: Insights into the Roles of Intestinal Absorption and CYP3A4-Mediated Metabolism","authors":"Jiaxing Yang,Shouchun Xiao,Pengxi Li,Bingxue Li,Bingying He,Xueke Liu,Donghui Liu,Zhiqiang Zhou,Peng Wang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15984","url":null,"abstract":"Penthiopyrad, a chiral fungicide with a riskier S-enantiomer, exhibited poorly understood stereoselective behaviors in mammals. This study investigated the enantioselective accumulation and metabolism of penthiopyrad enantiomers in mammals using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Penthiopyrad accumulated in the liver and kidneys at concentrations over 10-fold higher than those in the blood. S-penthiopyrad showed preferential absorption with 1.6-fold higher bioavailability than the R-enantiomer. Twenty-three metabolites (12 novel) were identified, with CYP-mediated N-demethylation as the dominant pathway. S-penthiopyrad was preferentially metabolized in mouse liver microsomes with a 1.5-fold shorter half-life, while human liver microsomes favored the R-enantiomer. CYP2E1, CYP2C (mouse), and CYP3A4 (human) mediated stereoselective metabolism, with the preferential metabolism of the R-enantiomer by human CYP3A4 attributed to its low binding energy and favorable conformation. This study comprehensively clarified the stereoselective behavior and metabolic pathway of penthiopyrad in mammals, providing valuable metabolic insights for further toxicological evaluation of penthiopyrad.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the microbial succession and metabolite changes during solid-state fermentation of Luzhou-flavor liquor in two types of pits: a traditional sealing pit (TSP) and a novel sealing pit (NSP) equipped with a stainless-steel cover, real-time monitoring, and an annular liquid-filled sealing trough. The results revealed that NSP enhanced microbial diversity and facilitated the production of a higher concentration and variety of flavor compounds compared to TSP. The microbial communities in NSP exhibited greater complexity and stronger correlations with flavor compounds. Although TSP contained a greater number of core microbial genera (28) than NSP (17), fewer of these genera were strongly correlated with flavor compounds. This difference may explain the higher fermentation efficiency and the development of more distinctive flavor profiles in NSP. Our findings suggest that the novel sealing method improves fermentation quality by fostering a favorable microbial environment, thus enhancing the overall flavor and aroma characteristics of the liquor.
{"title":"Novel Sealing Method Enhances Microbial Diversity and Flavor Metabolites during the Fermentation of Luzhou-Flavor Liquor","authors":"Ziyuan Xia,Yao Chen,Shipeng Wang,Songtao Wang,Min Gou,Suyi Zhang,Yueqin Tang,Hang Xiao","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12295","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the microbial succession and metabolite changes during solid-state fermentation of Luzhou-flavor liquor in two types of pits: a traditional sealing pit (TSP) and a novel sealing pit (NSP) equipped with a stainless-steel cover, real-time monitoring, and an annular liquid-filled sealing trough. The results revealed that NSP enhanced microbial diversity and facilitated the production of a higher concentration and variety of flavor compounds compared to TSP. The microbial communities in NSP exhibited greater complexity and stronger correlations with flavor compounds. Although TSP contained a greater number of core microbial genera (28) than NSP (17), fewer of these genera were strongly correlated with flavor compounds. This difference may explain the higher fermentation efficiency and the development of more distinctive flavor profiles in NSP. Our findings suggest that the novel sealing method improves fermentation quality by fostering a favorable microbial environment, thus enhancing the overall flavor and aroma characteristics of the liquor.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-08DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09883
Zhongrui Zhang,Akida Adiham,Yulu Yan,Feifei Huang,Jiayuan Li,Wei Liu,Yuxiang Fei,Yujie Guo,Puyang Gong
Naringenin (Nar), a dihydroflavonoid compound present in citrus fruits, exhibited protective effects on digestive diseases. This study explored its effects on 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) in mice by multiomics analysis. Nar mitigated weight loss, diarrhea, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier damage of IM mice largely via gut microecology-dependent mechanism. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Nar regulated intestinal flora related to inflammation and bile acid metabolism, including Parabacteroides, Actinobacteria, Muribaculaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Clostridium, and Proteobacteria. Targeted bile acid metabolomics indicated that Nar regulated abnormal secondary bile acids (hyodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and isochenodeoxycholic acid). Furthermore, transcriptomic and Western blot analysis manifested that Nar upregulated the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, which manifested its action mechanism related to the activation of the PPAR signaling pathway. These findings demonstrated the multipathway-mediated anti-IM effects of Nar, which indicate its promising potential as an adjunctive treatment strategy for chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in cancer patients.
{"title":"Naringenin Alleviates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis via Modulating the Gut Microbiota, Bile Acid Metabolism, and PPAR Signaling Pathway","authors":"Zhongrui Zhang,Akida Adiham,Yulu Yan,Feifei Huang,Jiayuan Li,Wei Liu,Yuxiang Fei,Yujie Guo,Puyang Gong","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09883","url":null,"abstract":"Naringenin (Nar), a dihydroflavonoid compound present in citrus fruits, exhibited protective effects on digestive diseases. This study explored its effects on 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) in mice by multiomics analysis. Nar mitigated weight loss, diarrhea, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier damage of IM mice largely via gut microecology-dependent mechanism. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Nar regulated intestinal flora related to inflammation and bile acid metabolism, including Parabacteroides, Actinobacteria, Muribaculaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Clostridium, and Proteobacteria. Targeted bile acid metabolomics indicated that Nar regulated abnormal secondary bile acids (hyodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and isochenodeoxycholic acid). Furthermore, transcriptomic and Western blot analysis manifested that Nar upregulated the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, which manifested its action mechanism related to the activation of the PPAR signaling pathway. These findings demonstrated the multipathway-mediated anti-IM effects of Nar, which indicate its promising potential as an adjunctive treatment strategy for chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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