Pub Date : 2026-03-27DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13388
Ji Cheng,Keyan Ren,Yaning Shi,LiJun Wang,Lulu Li,Yunqiu Yang,Tinghong Kuang,Shifeng Pan
Milk fat critically determines the nutritional value, flavor, and processing characteristics of dairy products. Citrulline, a nonproteinogenic amino acid enriched in cucurbitaceous fruits, has been implicated in lipid metabolism and metabolic health. However, its function in milk fat synthesis within bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and the associated molecular mechanisms remain undefined. Therefore, the study sought to determine Citrulline's impact on milk fat synthesis and clarify its mechanism. We initially examined reticulon 3 (RTN3) expression in the mammary glands of dairy cows with high and low milk fat contents. Functional assays demonstrated that RTN3 overexpression in BMECs markedly elevated milk fat synthesis, whereas RTN3 knockdown suppressed it. Mechanistically, RTN3 directly interacted with fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) and enhanced its stability by limiting ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Screening further identified citrulline as a natural compound that upregulates RTN3, reduces FABP5 ubiquitination, and promotes milk-fat synthesis in BMECs. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that food-derived citrulline promotes milk-fat biosynthesis through the RTN3/FABP5 axis, supporting amino-acid-based nutritional strategies to optimize milk lipid composition.
{"title":"Citrulline Modulates Milk Fat Metabolism via the RTN3-FABP5 Axis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.","authors":"Ji Cheng,Keyan Ren,Yaning Shi,LiJun Wang,Lulu Li,Yunqiu Yang,Tinghong Kuang,Shifeng Pan","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13388","url":null,"abstract":"Milk fat critically determines the nutritional value, flavor, and processing characteristics of dairy products. Citrulline, a nonproteinogenic amino acid enriched in cucurbitaceous fruits, has been implicated in lipid metabolism and metabolic health. However, its function in milk fat synthesis within bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and the associated molecular mechanisms remain undefined. Therefore, the study sought to determine Citrulline's impact on milk fat synthesis and clarify its mechanism. We initially examined reticulon 3 (RTN3) expression in the mammary glands of dairy cows with high and low milk fat contents. Functional assays demonstrated that RTN3 overexpression in BMECs markedly elevated milk fat synthesis, whereas RTN3 knockdown suppressed it. Mechanistically, RTN3 directly interacted with fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) and enhanced its stability by limiting ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Screening further identified citrulline as a natural compound that upregulates RTN3, reduces FABP5 ubiquitination, and promotes milk-fat synthesis in BMECs. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that food-derived citrulline promotes milk-fat biosynthesis through the RTN3/FABP5 axis, supporting amino-acid-based nutritional strategies to optimize milk lipid composition.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"229 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) enter the food chain mainly through contaminated agricultural products, posing a global health risk. Given that ferroptosis─a form of cell death characterized by glutathione depletion─is involved in toxicant-induced liver injury and that retrorsine (RTS, a typical toxic PA) depletes glutathione, we investigated whether RTS induces hepatotoxicity via ferroptosis. This study demonstrates that RTS induces acute hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro, RTS triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and activates activate transcription factors 3 (ATF3), which translocate to the nucleus and is associated with repression of phospholipase A2 group VI (PLA2G6) expression. Genetic manipulation of ATF3, through either knockdown or overexpression, consistently sensitized CYP3A4-HepG2 cells to RTS-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, its downstream target PLA2G6 exerted a clear protective effect. These findings identify the ATF3-PLA2G6 axis as a key regulatory pathway associated with RTS-induced ferroptosis, and suggest that PLA2G6 may function downstream of ATF3 to modulate hepatotoxicity.
{"title":"Retrorsine Induces Hepatotoxicity through ATF3-Mediated Ferroptosis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes and CYP3A4-HepG2 Cells","authors":"Qing Rao, Bowen Gong, Ting Liu, Ge Lin, Hong Tang, Yufen Liao, Shiyu Zhang, Yuwen Zou, Ying Peng, Weiwei Li, Jiang Zheng","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01532","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) enter the food chain mainly through contaminated agricultural products, posing a global health risk. Given that ferroptosis─a form of cell death characterized by glutathione depletion─is involved in toxicant-induced liver injury and that retrorsine (RTS, a typical toxic PA) depletes glutathione, we investigated whether RTS induces hepatotoxicity via ferroptosis. This study demonstrates that RTS induces acute hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro, RTS triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and activates activate transcription factors 3 (ATF3), which translocate to the nucleus and is associated with repression of phospholipase A2 group VI (<i>PLA2G6</i>) expression. Genetic manipulation of ATF3, through either knockdown or overexpression, consistently sensitized <i>CYP3A4</i>-HepG2 cells to RTS-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, its downstream target <i>PLA2G6</i> exerted a clear protective effect. These findings identify the ATF3-<i>PLA2G6</i> axis as a key regulatory pathway associated with RTS-induced ferroptosis, and suggest that <i>PLA2G6</i> may function downstream of ATF3 to modulate hepatotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-27DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6c00101
María-Pilar Sáenz-Navajas, Chelo Ferreira, David W. Jeffery
Wine is an intriguing natural product involving biotransformation of grape constituents and continued chemical evolution during aging. Deep knowledge of the chemistry and sensory properties of wine has been developed, but gaps remain and new challenges emerge. Boundaries continue to be pushed with sensometabolomics used to identify important chemical contributors related to sensory acceptance and product quality. Rapid methods and timely access to results are also paramount for a digitally transformed industry, but masses of data are generated. Machine learning is quickly emerging as a versatile and powerful approach for handling multidimensional data sets and modeling intricate wine phenomena.
{"title":"From Sensometabolomics to Rapid Analysis and Machine Learning: A Perspective on Modeling Wine Mouthfeel","authors":"María-Pilar Sáenz-Navajas, Chelo Ferreira, David W. Jeffery","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6c00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c00101","url":null,"abstract":"Wine is an intriguing natural product involving biotransformation of grape constituents and continued chemical evolution during aging. Deep knowledge of the chemistry and sensory properties of wine has been developed, but gaps remain and new challenges emerge. Boundaries continue to be pushed with sensometabolomics used to identify important chemical contributors related to sensory acceptance and product quality. Rapid methods and timely access to results are also paramount for a digitally transformed industry, but masses of data are generated. Machine learning is quickly emerging as a versatile and powerful approach for handling multidimensional data sets and modeling intricate wine phenomena.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-27DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c18033
Han Jin,Fuyang Ye,Qingtao Hu,Zhaohui Mo,Guolin Zhu,Chunmei Li,Kai Liu
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) enhances the fecundity of Diaphorina citri by manipulating D. citri long noncoding RNA 5 (Dclnc5), revealing an lncRNA-mediated regulatory role in pathogen-vector interactions. We found that CLas infection significantly increased D. citri fecundity and markedly upregulated vitellogenin (Vg) at both the transcript and protein levels. Ovary lncRNA-seq comparing CLas-positive (CLas+) and CLas-negative (CLas-) identified differentially expressed lncRNAs whose predicted targets were enriched in cellular signaling, lipid metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption pathways. Integrated network analysis highlighted Dclnc5, which was highly expressed during the oviposition period and enriched in midgut and ovary of D. citri. Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation coupled with qRT-PCR showed predominant cytoplasmic localization of Dclnc5. RNAi-mediated silencing of Dclnc5 markedly delayed ovarian development, significantly reduced egg production, and significantly decreased DcVg expression. These results indicate that CLas may influence ovarian development and fecundity in D. citri by modulating the expression of Dclnc5. These findings provide a new perspective for exploring pathogen-vector interactions.
{"title":"Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus-Mediated Manipulation of the Host Long Noncoding RNA Dclnc5 Enhances Fecundity in Diaphorina citri.","authors":"Han Jin,Fuyang Ye,Qingtao Hu,Zhaohui Mo,Guolin Zhu,Chunmei Li,Kai Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c18033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c18033","url":null,"abstract":"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) enhances the fecundity of Diaphorina citri by manipulating D. citri long noncoding RNA 5 (Dclnc5), revealing an lncRNA-mediated regulatory role in pathogen-vector interactions. We found that CLas infection significantly increased D. citri fecundity and markedly upregulated vitellogenin (Vg) at both the transcript and protein levels. Ovary lncRNA-seq comparing CLas-positive (CLas+) and CLas-negative (CLas-) identified differentially expressed lncRNAs whose predicted targets were enriched in cellular signaling, lipid metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption pathways. Integrated network analysis highlighted Dclnc5, which was highly expressed during the oviposition period and enriched in midgut and ovary of D. citri. Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation coupled with qRT-PCR showed predominant cytoplasmic localization of Dclnc5. RNAi-mediated silencing of Dclnc5 markedly delayed ovarian development, significantly reduced egg production, and significantly decreased DcVg expression. These results indicate that CLas may influence ovarian development and fecundity in D. citri by modulating the expression of Dclnc5. These findings provide a new perspective for exploring pathogen-vector interactions.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-27DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13415
Mohammad Rashid, Kari Vinzant, Ashique Al Hoque, Mohiuddin Quadir, Mariya Khodakovskaya
Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for enhancing plant productivity through biocompatible, nontoxic nanocarriers capable of delivering diverse agrochemicals and biomolecules directly to plants. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of a nanocarrier system based on arabinoxylan (AX), a wheat bran-derived polymer. Two AX-based nanocarriers, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled AX (AX–FITC) and positively charged AX (AX+), were synthesized and used to determine possible uptake and delivery of 35S-eGFP-Nos plasmid DNA (pDNA). Plant uptake of AX nanocarriers was assessed by various methods, including passive uptake through incubation, leaf injection, and vacuum infiltration. Among the tested methods, injection of conjugates into tobacco leaves and vacuum infiltration of seedlings proved to be the most efficient for delivering pDNA polyplexes. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype and transcriptome of model Solanaceae species (tomato) exposed to varying nanoparticle concentrations revealed no signs of phytotoxicity or genotoxicity, reinforcing its biosafety for seed and plant treatments. This work highlights the potential of AX as a sustainable, plant-derived nanocarrier, offering a “green” alternative to synthetic nanomaterials for the delivery of DNA and agrochemicals in plant biotechnology and agriculture.
{"title":"A Plant-Derived Arabinoxylan Platform for Biomolecule Delivery into Plant Cells","authors":"Mohammad Rashid, Kari Vinzant, Ashique Al Hoque, Mohiuddin Quadir, Mariya Khodakovskaya","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13415","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for enhancing plant productivity through biocompatible, nontoxic nanocarriers capable of delivering diverse agrochemicals and biomolecules directly to plants. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of a nanocarrier system based on arabinoxylan (AX), a wheat bran-derived polymer. Two AX-based nanocarriers, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled AX (AX–FITC) and positively charged AX (AX+), were synthesized and used to determine possible uptake and delivery of <i>35S-eGFP-Nos</i> plasmid DNA (pDNA). Plant uptake of AX nanocarriers was assessed by various methods, including passive uptake through incubation, leaf injection, and vacuum infiltration. Among the tested methods, injection of conjugates into tobacco leaves and vacuum infiltration of seedlings proved to be the most efficient for delivering pDNA polyplexes. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype and transcriptome of model Solanaceae species (tomato) exposed to varying nanoparticle concentrations revealed no signs of phytotoxicity or genotoxicity, reinforcing its biosafety for seed and plant treatments. This work highlights the potential of AX as a sustainable, plant-derived nanocarrier, offering a “green” alternative to synthetic nanomaterials for the delivery of DNA and agrochemicals in plant biotechnology and agriculture.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a vital plant hormone, yet its natural synthesis is insufficient to meet agricultural demand. The indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway offers a promising route for microbial IAA production but suffers from inefficient amidase activity. In this study, we identified and engineered an amidase (RsAD) from Rhodococcus sp. through structural analysis, which revealed a narrow substrate channel limiting IAM access, followed by targeted mutagenesis to generate the optimized mutant RsAD-L447A. This mutant exhibited a 3.1-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and enabled complete IAM hydrolysis without the accumulation of intermediates. Coexpression of RsAD-L447A with l-tryptophan monooxygenase established a cascade pathway for IAA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Blocking the competing tnaA-mediated degradation pathway further improved precursor utilization. As a result, IAA production reached 13.3 from 20 g/L l-tryptophan in shake-flask cultures. These findings demonstrate an effective enzyme engineering and metabolic optimization strategy for high-level IAA biosynthesis.
吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）是一种重要的植物激素，但其自然合成不足以满足农业需求。吲哚-3-乙酰胺（IAM）途径为微生物生产IAA提供了一条很有前途的途径，但其酶活性不高。在本研究中，我们通过结构分析从红球菌中鉴定并工程化了一种酰胺酶（RsAD），该酶发现一个狭窄的底物通道限制了IAM的进入，然后进行靶向诱变以产生优化的突变体RsAD- l447a。该突变体的催化效率（kcat/Km）提高了3.1倍，并且能够在没有中间体积累的情况下完全水解IAM。RsAD-L447A与l-色氨酸单加氧酶的共表达在大肠杆菌中建立了IAA合成的级联途径。阻断竞争性的tnaa介导的降解途径进一步提高了前体的利用率。结果，在摇瓶培养中，20 g/L L -色氨酸的IAA产量达到13.3。这些发现为高水平IAA生物合成提供了有效的酶工程和代谢优化策略。
{"title":"Biosynthesis of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Escherichia coli via Engineered Amidase.","authors":"Xingyu Hou,Changchang Jiang,Jingjing Yuan,Guangyue Li,Jie Ren","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13683","url":null,"abstract":"Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a vital plant hormone, yet its natural synthesis is insufficient to meet agricultural demand. The indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway offers a promising route for microbial IAA production but suffers from inefficient amidase activity. In this study, we identified and engineered an amidase (RsAD) from Rhodococcus sp. through structural analysis, which revealed a narrow substrate channel limiting IAM access, followed by targeted mutagenesis to generate the optimized mutant RsAD-L447A. This mutant exhibited a 3.1-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and enabled complete IAM hydrolysis without the accumulation of intermediates. Coexpression of RsAD-L447A with l-tryptophan monooxygenase established a cascade pathway for IAA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Blocking the competing tnaA-mediated degradation pathway further improved precursor utilization. As a result, IAA production reached 13.3 from 20 g/L l-tryptophan in shake-flask cultures. These findings demonstrate an effective enzyme engineering and metabolic optimization strategy for high-level IAA biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid with diverse bioactivities, has attracted increasing attention for its health-promoting potential. However, its gastrointestinal fate and targeted delivery remain insufficiently understood, limiting its translation into effective applications. This review summarizes current knowledge on fucoxanthin’s digestion, biotransformation, tissue distribution, interactions with the gut microbiota, and different delivery systems. In vivo, fucoxanthin is hydrolyzed to fucoxanthinol in the intestine and further converted to amarouciaxanthin A in the liver, undergoing subsequent dehydrogenation, isomerization, and esterification before distribution into plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and heart. Additionally, fucoxanthin modulates gut microbial composition through a duplibiotic effect, linking its metabolism to host-microbiota interactions. Lipid-, polysaccharide-, and protein-based delivery systems have been developed due to low oral bioavailability; these are also compared and summarized. Together, this review provides a theoretical framework for the rational design of functional foods and therapeutic applications of fucoxanthin.
{"title":"Fucoxanthin: A Comprehensive Review on Digestion, Biotransformation, Microbiome Interaction, and Targeted Delivery","authors":"Bingbing Sun, Chunjie Zhao, Xiao Chen, Baoru Yang, Wei Cui, Jinrong Zhang, Xin Hou, Xiaojun Yan, Qinxue Ni, Pengfei Cheng, Kang Chen","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12697","url":null,"abstract":"Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid with diverse bioactivities, has attracted increasing attention for its health-promoting potential. However, its gastrointestinal fate and targeted delivery remain insufficiently understood, limiting its translation into effective applications. This review summarizes current knowledge on fucoxanthin’s digestion, biotransformation, tissue distribution, interactions with the gut microbiota, and different delivery systems. <i>In vivo</i>, fucoxanthin is hydrolyzed to fucoxanthinol in the intestine and further converted to amarouciaxanthin A in the liver, undergoing subsequent dehydrogenation, isomerization, and esterification before distribution into plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and heart. Additionally, fucoxanthin modulates gut microbial composition through a duplibiotic effect, linking its metabolism to host-microbiota interactions. Lipid-, polysaccharide-, and protein-based delivery systems have been developed due to low oral bioavailability; these are also compared and summarized. Together, this review provides a theoretical framework for the rational design of functional foods and therapeutic applications of fucoxanthin.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17749
Zhiyuan Wang, Songshan Wang, Wei Tian, Yu Wu, Xiao Guan, Jin Ye, Songxue Wang
HvUGT13248 and OsUGT79 are homologous glycosyltransferases for deoxynivalenol (DON) glycosylation with limited efficiency. Their distinct features and the underlying catalytic mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, comparative analysis demonstrated that HvUGT13248 exhibited higher catalytic efficiency toward DON and its analogs but was constrained by relatively lower yield and poor stability in practical application. In contrast, OsUGT79 achieved complete conversion under excess donor due to its enhanced resistance to feedback inhibition of UDP and robust thermal stability. Three key active-site residues were identified, and their functional roles were evaluated comparatively. Among these, His38/27 was essential for glycosylation by both HvUGT13248 and OsUGT79. Interaction between His132/His122 and the C4, C7, and C15 positions of DON provided a structural rationale for their differential activities toward C4-substituted trichothecenes. Furthermore, Asp393 played a more critical role in stabilizing the enzyme–substrate complex in HvUGT13248. These findings advance the engineering of both enzymes for improved DON glycosylation.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Catalytic Properties and Mechanisms between HvUGT13248 and OsUGT79 in Deoxynivalenol Glycosylation","authors":"Zhiyuan Wang, Songshan Wang, Wei Tian, Yu Wu, Xiao Guan, Jin Ye, Songxue Wang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17749","url":null,"abstract":"HvUGT13248 and OsUGT79 are homologous glycosyltransferases for deoxynivalenol (DON) glycosylation with limited efficiency. Their distinct features and the underlying catalytic mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, comparative analysis demonstrated that HvUGT13248 exhibited higher catalytic efficiency toward DON and its analogs but was constrained by relatively lower yield and poor stability in practical application. In contrast, OsUGT79 achieved complete conversion under excess donor due to its enhanced resistance to feedback inhibition of UDP and robust thermal stability. Three key active-site residues were identified, and their functional roles were evaluated comparatively. Among these, His38/27 was essential for glycosylation by both HvUGT13248 and OsUGT79. Interaction between His132/His122 and the C4, C7, and C15 positions of DON provided a structural rationale for their differential activities toward C4-substituted trichothecenes. Furthermore, Asp393 played a more critical role in stabilizing the enzyme–substrate complex in HvUGT13248. These findings advance the engineering of both enzymes for improved DON glycosylation.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15103
Ngan T. K. Nguyen, John P. Munafo, Jr.
Chardonnay marc, a winemaking coproduct consisting of grape skins, seeds, and stems, shows potential as an upcycled food ingredient with possible health-promoting properties and distinctive flavor. Although its aroma chemistry has been comprehensively studied, the taste chemistry remains unexplored. Herein, 39 taste-active compounds were identified through sensory-directed fractionation using solid-phase extraction, sequential liquid-phase extraction, and preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by sensory analysis. Dose over threshold (DOT) calculations indicated fructose and glucose contributed to sweetness, whereas tartaric, glucuronic, gluconic, and malic acids imparted sourness. Astringency was driven by 4 flavonol glycosides, with quercetin-3-O-rutinoside being most influential. A taste simulation model formulated from sensory-active compounds with DOT > 1 closely matched the taste profile of Chardonnay marc. This study provides insight into taste-active compounds of Chardonnay marc and lays a foundation for future research on processing effects, flavor optimization, and the broader valorization of food industry coproducts.
霞多丽马克（Chardonnay marc）是一种由葡萄皮、葡萄籽和葡萄茎组成的酿酒副产品，作为一种有潜力的再循环食品原料，可能具有促进健康的特性和独特的风味。虽然它的香气化学已经得到了全面的研究，但它的味道化学还没有得到充分的研究。本研究通过固相萃取、顺序液相萃取和制备反相高效液相色谱的感官定向分离鉴定了39种味觉活性化合物，然后进行了感官分析。剂量超过阈值（DOT）计算表明果糖和葡萄糖产生甜味，而酒石酸、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸和苹果酸产生酸味。4种黄酮醇苷对涩味的影响最大，其中槲皮素-3- o -芦丁苷对涩味的影响最大。用DOT >； 1组成的感官活性化合物的味觉模拟模型与霞多丽马克的味觉特征非常吻合。该研究为了解霞多丽马克的风味活性成分提供了新的思路，并为进一步研究霞多丽马克的加工效果、风味优化以及食品工业副产品的更广泛价值创造奠定了基础。
{"title":"Decoding the Taste Profile of Chardonnay Marc Through Sensory-Directed Fractionation","authors":"Ngan T. K. Nguyen, John P. Munafo, Jr.","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15103","url":null,"abstract":"Chardonnay marc, a winemaking coproduct consisting of grape skins, seeds, and stems, shows potential as an upcycled food ingredient with possible health-promoting properties and distinctive flavor. Although its aroma chemistry has been comprehensively studied, the taste chemistry remains unexplored. Herein, 39 taste-active compounds were identified through sensory-directed fractionation using solid-phase extraction, sequential liquid-phase extraction, and preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by sensory analysis. Dose over threshold (DOT) calculations indicated fructose and glucose contributed to sweetness, whereas tartaric, glucuronic, gluconic, and malic acids imparted sourness. Astringency was driven by 4 flavonol glycosides, with quercetin-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside being most influential. A taste simulation model formulated from sensory-active compounds with DOT > 1 closely matched the taste profile of Chardonnay marc. This study provides insight into taste-active compounds of Chardonnay marc and lays a foundation for future research on processing effects, flavor optimization, and the broader valorization of food industry coproducts.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
d-panthenol (provitamin B5) is widely used in personal-care products, pharmaceutical formulations, and feed applications, yet industrial production still relies mainly on chemical condensation. Here, we develop an aqueous biocatalytic route using a pantothenate synthetase (PS106) from Rhodococcus sp. N106. Recombinant PS106 catalyzed ATP-driven coupling of sodium d-pantoate with 3-amino-1-propanol in water at room temperature. Protein engineering increased the pantoate kcat/Km from 4.87 M–1·s–1 in WT to 10.36 and 23.62 M–1·s–1 in V75G and A155 V, respectively, and lowered the apparent K0.5 for 3-amino-1-propanol (WT, 156.47 mM). PS106 showed strong dependence on Mg2+ in the reaction system and followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics for ATP (Km = 3.822 mM) and pantoate (Km = 13.20 mM). Process optimization (Plackett–Burman → steepest-ascent → RSM) identified total substrate concentration, enzyme loading, and pH, producing 4.24 mM d-panthenol (2.67 μmol in 630 μL) in 1 h. These results identify A155 V as a promising variant for improved ATP and pantoate utilization, but downstream product recovery and PMI/E-factor optimization still require further work.
{"title":"Selective Aqueous Biocatalysis of d-Panthenol via Engineered Pantothenate Synthetase","authors":"Chaofan Wang, Wei Wang, Jingjing Sun, Chengcheng Jiang, Rui Wang, Jianhua Hao","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16193","url":null,"abstract":"<span>d</span>-panthenol (provitamin B5) is widely used in personal-care products, pharmaceutical formulations, and feed applications, yet industrial production still relies mainly on chemical condensation. Here, we develop an aqueous biocatalytic route using a pantothenate synthetase (PS106) from <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. N106. Recombinant PS106 catalyzed ATP-driven coupling of sodium <span>d</span>-pantoate with 3-amino-1-propanol in water at room temperature. Protein engineering increased the pantoate <i>k</i>cat/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> from 4.87 M<sup>–1</sup>·s<sup>–1</sup> in WT to 10.36 and 23.62 M<sup>–1</sup>·s<sup>–1</sup> in V75G and A155 V, respectively, and lowered the apparent <i>K</i><sub>0.5</sub> for 3-amino-1-propanol (WT, 156.47 mM). PS106 showed strong dependence on Mg<sup>2+</sup> in the reaction system and followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics for ATP (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> = 3.822 mM) and pantoate (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> = 13.20 mM). Process optimization (Plackett–Burman → steepest-ascent → RSM) identified total substrate concentration, enzyme loading, and pH, producing 4.24 mM <span>d</span>-panthenol (2.67 μmol in 630 μL) in 1 h. These results identify A155 V as a promising variant for improved ATP and pantoate utilization, but downstream product recovery and PMI/E-factor optimization still require further work.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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