Marshall Lloyd, Toyib Olaniyan, Arman Ganji, Junshi Xu, Alessya Venuta, Leora Simon, Mingqian Zhang, Milad Saeedi, Shoma Yamanouchi, An Wang, Alexandra Schmidt, Hong Chen, Paul Villeneuve, Joshua Apte, Eric Lavigne, Richard T Burnett, Michael Tjepkema, Marianne Hatzopoulou, Scott Weichenthal
{"title":"Airborne Nanoparticle Concentrations Are Associated with Increased Mortality Risk in Canada's Two Largest Cities.","authors":"Marshall Lloyd, Toyib Olaniyan, Arman Ganji, Junshi Xu, Alessya Venuta, Leora Simon, Mingqian Zhang, Milad Saeedi, Shoma Yamanouchi, An Wang, Alexandra Schmidt, Hong Chen, Paul Villeneuve, Joshua Apte, Eric Lavigne, Richard T Burnett, Michael Tjepkema, Marianne Hatzopoulou, Scott Weichenthal","doi":"10.1164/rccm.202311-2013OC","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Rationale:</b> Outdoor fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ⩽2.5 μm; PM<sub>2.5</sub>) contributes to millions of deaths around the world each year, but much less is known about the long-term health impacts of other particulate air pollutants, including ultrafine particles (a.k.a. nanoparticles), which are in the nanometer-size range (<100 nm), widespread in urban environments, and not currently regulated. <b>Objectives:</b> We sought to estimate the associations between long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles and mortality. <b>Methods:</b> Outdoor air pollution levels were linked to the residential addresses of a large, population-based cohort from 2001 to 2016. Associations between long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles and nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. <b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> An increase in long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles was associated with an increased risk of nonaccidental mortality (hazard ratio = 1.073; 95% confidence interval = 1.061-1.085) and cause-specific mortality, the strongest of which was respiratory mortality (hazard ratio = 1.174; 95% confidence interval = 1.130-1.220). We estimated the mortality burden for outdoor ultrafine particles in Montreal and Toronto, Canada, to be approximately 1,100 additional nonaccidental deaths every year. Furthermore, we observed possible confounding by particle size, which suggests that previous studies may have underestimated or missed important health risks associated with ultrafine particles. <b>Conclusions:</b> As outdoor ultrafine particles are not currently regulated, there is great potential for future regulatory interventions to improve population health by targeting these common outdoor air pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":7664,"journal":{"name":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1338-1347"},"PeriodicalIF":19.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202311-2013OC","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Rationale: Outdoor fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ⩽2.5 μm; PM2.5) contributes to millions of deaths around the world each year, but much less is known about the long-term health impacts of other particulate air pollutants, including ultrafine particles (a.k.a. nanoparticles), which are in the nanometer-size range (<100 nm), widespread in urban environments, and not currently regulated. Objectives: We sought to estimate the associations between long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles and mortality. Methods: Outdoor air pollution levels were linked to the residential addresses of a large, population-based cohort from 2001 to 2016. Associations between long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles and nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Measurements and Main Results: An increase in long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles was associated with an increased risk of nonaccidental mortality (hazard ratio = 1.073; 95% confidence interval = 1.061-1.085) and cause-specific mortality, the strongest of which was respiratory mortality (hazard ratio = 1.174; 95% confidence interval = 1.130-1.220). We estimated the mortality burden for outdoor ultrafine particles in Montreal and Toronto, Canada, to be approximately 1,100 additional nonaccidental deaths every year. Furthermore, we observed possible confounding by particle size, which suggests that previous studies may have underestimated or missed important health risks associated with ultrafine particles. Conclusions: As outdoor ultrafine particles are not currently regulated, there is great potential for future regulatory interventions to improve population health by targeting these common outdoor air pollutants.
期刊介绍:
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine focuses on human biology and disease, as well as animal studies that contribute to the understanding of pathophysiology and treatment of diseases that affect the respiratory system and critically ill patients. Papers that are solely or predominantly based in cell and molecular biology are published in the companion journal, the American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. The Journal also seeks to publish clinical trials and outstanding review articles on areas of interest in several forms. The State-of-the-Art review is a treatise usually covering a broad field that brings bench research to the bedside. Shorter reviews are published as Critical Care Perspectives or Pulmonary Perspectives. These are generally focused on a more limited area and advance a concerted opinion about care for a specific process. Concise Clinical Reviews provide an evidence-based synthesis of the literature pertaining to topics of fundamental importance to the practice of pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine. Images providing advances or unusual contributions to the field are published as Images in Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine and the Sciences.
A recent trend and future direction of the Journal has been to include debates of a topical nature on issues of importance in pulmonary and critical care medicine and to the membership of the American Thoracic Society. Other recent changes have included encompassing works from the field of critical care medicine and the extension of the editorial governing of journal policy to colleagues outside of the United States of America. The focus and direction of the Journal is to establish an international forum for state-of-the-art respiratory and critical care medicine.