EPM2AIP1 immunohistochemistry is inadequate as a surrogate marker for MLH1 promoter hypermethylation testing in colorectal cancer

Abstract

MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (MPH) analysis is an essential step in the universal tumor testing algorithm for Lynch syndrome, the most common inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC). MPH usually indicates sporadic CRC. EPM2AIP1 gene shares the same promoter as MLH1, therefore MPH should also silence EPM2AIP1 transcription leading to loss of protein expression on immunohistochemistry (IHC). It has been previously reported that EPM2AIP1 IHC can be used as a surrogate for MPH in endometrial cancer. Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility of EPM2AIP1 IHC as a surrogate for MPH in CRC. 101 microsatellite instable CRC cases were selected, including 19 cases from whole tumor sections and 82 cases from tissue microarrays. 74 cases were with MPH and 27 without MPH. All 74 cases with MPH showed absent MLH1 by IHC, but only 47 (64%) exhibited loss of expression of EPM2AIP1. Of the 27 cases without MPH, 9 (33%) cases had unexpected loss of EPM2AIP1 expression. Of note, 10 cases were MLH1-mutated Lynch syndrome without MPH, and 2 of these cases showed unexpected loss of EPM2AIP1 staining. Of the 6 cases with double somatic mutations of MLH1 gene (without MPH), only 4 cases demonstrated intact expression of EPM2AIP1 as expected. Taken together, EPM2AIP1 loss was 64% sensitive and 67% specific for MPH, with an accuracy of 64%. We conclude that, unless stain quality improves with different clones or platforms, EPM2AIP1 IHC will likely not be useful as a surrogate test for MPH in CRC.