The importance of incorporating ventricular–ventricular interaction (VVI) in the study of pulmonary hypertension

Abstract

Ventricular ventricular interaction (VVI) affects blood volume and pressure in the right and left ventricles of the heart due to the location and balance of forces on the septal wall separating the ventricles. In healthy patients, the pressure of the left ventricle is considerably higher than the right, resulting in a septal wall that bows into the right ventricle. However, in patients with pulmonary hypertension, the pressure in the right ventricle increases significantly to a point where the pressure is similar to or surpasses that of the left ventricle during portions of the cardiac cycle. For these patients, the septal wall deviates towards the left ventricle, impacting its function. It is possible to study this effect using mathematical modeling, but existing models are nonlinear, leading to a system of algebraic differential equations that can be challenging to solve in patient-specific optimizations of clinical data. This study demonstrates that a simplified linearized model is sufficient to account for the effect of VVI and that, as expected, the impact is significantly more pronounced in patients with pulmonary hypertension.