Chitin and chitosan: Pioneering sustainable substrates for next-generation soilless vertical farming

Abstract

Background

Traditional substrates in vertical farming pose environmental challenges due to their non-renewable nature, waste generation, and resource depletion. Their limited water retention, and potential pH and nutrient imbalances contribute to sustainability concerns. As VF seeks efficient and sustainable growth mediums, chitin and chitosan (CC) emerge as promising alternatives, known for their ecological compatibility and antimicrobial properties.

Scope and approach

This paper reviews and integrates cross-disciplinary studies on the potential utilization of CC as substrates in VF systems. It explores structural and functional properties of these biopolymers, examining their feasibility and benefits as substrates in the context of soilless cultivation. The discussion encompasses the ecological and economic implications of adopting CC in VF, identifying challenges and reflecting on future prospects. It aims to present a comprehensive analysis, situating the discussion within the broader goal of sustainable agricultural practices and the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Key findings and conclusion

CC substrates can significantly enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance in VF. Their high-water retention, structural versatility in forming sponge and hydrogel, and nutrient-binding capacity contribute to their efficacy as substrates. The ability of chitosan to stimulate phytohormones and enhance microbial symbiosis further underscores its multifunctional role in promoting plant health and productivity. Moreover, the review identifies the potential of integrating these biopolymers with cutting-edge technologies, including precision agriculture, 3D printing, and AI-driven material screening, to optimize their applications. These findings advocate for a paradigm shift towards using bio-based polymers for sustainable and efficient VF practices.