The sky is not the limit: Successful foliar application of Steinernema spp. entomopathogenic nematodes to control Lepidopteran caterpillars

IF 3.6 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Journal of invertebrate pathology Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI:10.1016/j.jip.2024.108163
Kay Moisan , Olga Kostenko , Magda Galeano , Roxina Soler , Sjoerd van der Ent , Ivan Hiltpold
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Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are ubiquitous soil-thriving organisms that use chemical cues to seek and infect soil-dwelling arthropods, yielding various levels of biological control. Going beyond soil application, scientists and practitioners started exploring the option of applying EPNs onto the foliage of crops in attempts to manage leaf-dwelling insect pests as well. Despite some success, particularly with protective formulations, it remains uncertain whether EPNs could indeed survive the phyllospheric environment, and successfully control foliar insect pests. In this context, we tested the potential of commercially produced Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae, two of the most commonly used EPNs in the field of biological control, in controlling Lepidopteran foliar pests of economic importance, i.e. Tuta absoluta and Spodoptera spp. caterpillars as models. We first tested the survival and efficacy of both EPN species against the Lepidopteran caterpillars when applied onto tomato, sweet pepper and lettuce leaves, under controlled conditions and in commercial greenhouse conditions, respectively. Subsequently, we explored the behavioural responses of the EPNs to environmental cues typically encountered in the phyllosphere, and analysed plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our results show that both S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae successfully survived and infected the foliar caterpillars, reaching similar level of control to a standard chemical pesticide in commercial practices. Remarkably, both EPN species survived and remained effective up to four days in the phyllosphere, and needed only a few hours to successfully penetrate the caterpillars. Interestingly, S. feltiae was attracted to VOCs from tomato plants, and tended to prefer those from caterpillar-induced plants, suggesting that the nematodes may actively forage toward its host, although it has never been exposed to leaf-borne volatiles during its evolution. The present study shows the high potential of steinernematids in managing major foliar pests in greenhouses and in becoming a key player in foliar biological control. In particular, the discovery that EPNs use foliar VOCs to locate caterpillar hosts opens up new opportunities in terms of application techniques and affordable effective doses.

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天无绝人之路:成功地叶面喷施 Steinernema spp.昆虫病原线虫来控制鳞翅目毛虫。
昆虫病原线虫(EPNs)是一种普遍存在于土壤中的生物,它利用化学线索寻找并感染土壤中的节肢动物,从而产生不同程度的生物防治效果。除了在土壤中施用外,科学家和从业人员还开始探索在作物叶片上施用 EPN 的方法,试图同时控制叶栖害虫。尽管取得了一些成功,特别是在保护性制剂方面,但仍不确定 EPN 是否真的能在叶层环境中存活,并成功控制叶面害虫。在这种情况下,我们测试了商业化生产的 Steinernema feltiae 和 S. carpocapsae(生物防治领域最常用的两种 EPNs)在控制具有重要经济意义的鳞翅目叶面害虫方面的潜力,即以 Tuta absoluta 和 Spodoptera spp.毛虫为模型。我们首先测试了这两种 EPN 在受控条件下和商业温室条件下分别施用于番茄、甜椒和莴苣叶片时对鳞翅目毛虫的存活率和药效。随后,我们探讨了 EPN 对植物叶球中通常遇到的环境线索的行为反应,并分析了植物挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。我们的研究结果表明,S. feltiae 和 S. carpocapsae 都能成功存活并感染叶面毛虫,其控制水平与商业实践中的标准化学农药相似。值得注意的是,这两种 EPN 在叶球中存活并保持效力长达四天,只需要几个小时就能成功穿透毛虫。有趣的是,S. feltiae 会被番茄植物中的挥发性有机化合物吸引,并倾向于选择毛虫诱导植物中的挥发性有机化合物,这表明虽然线虫在进化过程中从未接触过叶载挥发性物质,但它可能会主动向宿主觅食。本研究表明,斯坦纳线虫在防治温室主要叶面害虫方面潜力巨大,有望成为叶面生物防治的关键角色。特别是,EPNs 利用叶面挥发性有机化合物来确定毛虫宿主的位置,这一发现为应用技术和可负担的有效剂量提供了新的机遇。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
5.90%
发文量
94
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Invertebrate Pathology presents original research articles and notes on the induction and pathogenesis of diseases of invertebrates, including the suppression of diseases in beneficial species, and the use of diseases in controlling undesirable species. In addition, the journal publishes the results of physiological, morphological, genetic, immunological and ecological studies as related to the etiologic agents of diseases of invertebrates. The Journal of Invertebrate Pathology is the adopted journal of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, and is available to SIP members at a special reduced price.
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