Recent Developments in MXene-Based Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is now on the rise worldwide, drawing a lot of attention from scientists. Well-uncontrolled diabetes leads to many serious diseases, including cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and nephrotic. It also caused 6.7 million deaths by 2021 and put a strain on the healthcare system. Therefore, developing useful methods for precisely diagnosing the current glucose concentration can serve as a gold standard for future treatment of diabetes. The classification of electrochemical glucose sensors with and without enzymes has been researched and developed. Among them, the use of enzymes in sensor fabrication results in high costs and easy denaturation in extreme conditions, whereas an enzyme-free approach can overcome these disadvantages and extend life expectancy. To support this, diverse nanomaterials were used, including MXene as an emerging material with favorable physiochemical properties that can be adapted for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor fabrication. In this study, diabetic disease, synthesis and application of MXene, and electrochemical biosensor were discussed. The application of MXene was thoroughly researched using recent representative publications. Conclusions and prospects for the MXene-based nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor are also explored and discussed.